宪法变通与地方试验

"良性违宪"的出现,是因为宪法和中央法律过多限制了地方自主权。宪法是一部保障而非限制权利的基本法。宪法的根本目的不是通过制度性规定剥夺地方尝试的自由,更不是限制人民的基本自由,而是为所有人保障一个权利底线。在这个底线之上,地方政府可以自由探索对满足当地需要而言最有效的途径。要从根本上解决"良性违宪"所带来的困惑,就必须转变有关中央与地方关系的思维,从制度上保障地方试验的顺利进行。     

丹红注射液联合西药常规治疗不稳定型心绞痛疗效和安全性系统评价

［摘要］目的 系统评价丹红注射液联合西药常规治疗不稳定型心绞痛的有效性与安全性。方法 检索PubMed、Medline、中国期刊全文数据库、万方数据知识服务平台中丹红注射液联合西药常规治疗不稳定型心绞痛的临床随机对照试验文献,按照Cochrane协作网推荐的方法评价纳入研究文献的质量后,采用RevMan 4.2软件进行Meta分析。结果 经筛选纳入23篇文献,共2 675例,其中治疗组（丹红注射液联合西药常规治疗）1 382例,对照组（单纯西药治疗）1 293例。各研究基线情况具有可比性。Meta分析结果显示：丹红注射液加西药常规治疗在提高心电图疗效[RR=2.84, 95% CI(2.28,3.55)]、心绞痛疗效[RR=4.13,95% CI（3.12,5.47）],升高高密度脂蛋白-胆固醇[high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, HDL-C）（WMD=0.29,95% CI（0.05,0.52）],降低低密度脂蛋白-胆固醇（low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, LDL-C）[WMD=-0.98, 95% CI(-1.33,-0.63）]和高敏C反应蛋白（high sensitive C-reactive protein, hs-CRP）[WMD=-1.42, 95% CI(-2.18, -0.65)]方面均优于西药常规治疗组。结论 丹红注射液联合西药常规治疗在改善不稳定型心绞痛患者的心电图疗效,升高HDL-C,降低LDL-C和hs-CRP水平方面优于对照组。受纳入文献质量的限制,本研究结论尚需更多高质量大样本的临床随机双盲对照研究加以验证。     

浅谈垂直定向反射照相技术在实验教学中的应用

利用定向反射镜进行垂直定向反射照相,是近年来出现的照相新技术。它使用方便,对潜在手印显现效果好,在实验教学中,学生在使用定向反射镜过程中取得一定效果,但应用中也碰到一些问题值得探讨。     

大江健三郎小说语言实验探微

语言是小说的基本组成因素,是作家个性的体现。大江在文体和叙事上的不懈探索,表现了他对传统小说文体和言说方式所带来的知识危机与意识形态驯化的焦虑。大江的文体和叙事的实验是对文坛上占统治地位的话语权力秩序的挑战。大江对小说语言孜孜不倦的探索,体现了他主张文学多元化、个性化的艺术追求。     

稳心颗粒治疗心房颤动疗效及安全性Meta分析

目的 系统评价稳心颗粒治疗心房颤动的临床疗效及安全性。方法 计算机检索中国知网、万方数据知识服务平台、读秀中文学术搜索、PubMed数据库中关于稳心颗粒治疗心房颤动的临床随机对照试验,经质量评价最终纳入文献后,采用Review Manager 5.0软件进行Meta分析。结果 共纳入13个研究,全部为中文,Jadad评分均为1分。Meta分析结果显示,稳心颗粒组与西药常规治疗组比较,稳心颗粒可提高临床疗效（OR=3.40,95% CI为2.41～4.80,P<0.01）,降低心室率（WMD=-5.86,95% CI为－6.73～－4.99,P<0.01）,提高转复率（OR=2.76,95% CI为1.29～5.92,P<0.01）,降低不良反应率（OR=0.52,95% CI为0.29～0.94,P=0.03）。结论 与西药常规疗法比较,稳心颗粒治疗心房颤动可进一步提高临床疗效,降低心室率,提高转复率,降低不良反应率。     

PREVENTION PROGRAMS FOR DIVORCED NONRESIDENT FATHERS

Divorced nonresident fathers are a promising target for preventive efforts to assist families after divorce. The research literature suggests that such programs should focus both on the frequency and the quality of the child's contact with the father, as well as the quality of postdivorce mother–father relations. Dads For Life (DFL) is the program for this target group with the most convincing evidence of preventive effects. This eight-week program centers on professionally made videos. It was tested in a randomized trial with 214 families. In comparison to control families, children in families in which the father participated in DFL had significantly lower internalizing problems. The preventive impact of DFL was strongest for the most troubled youngsters.     

The Beauty Premium: Physical Attractiveness and Gender in Dictator Games

Are beautiful people better negotiators? In this article, I present evidence from a simple bargaining game in which players listened to prerecorded speeches and viewed the pictures of other players. I found that physically attractive players received a greater share of the surplus when their partners could both listen to their speeches and view their pictures. This effect was strongest when the listening partner was female. These results suggest new directions for experimental and empirical research on the role of nonresumé characteristics on labor market outcomes, and also has implications for those practitioners involved in negotiations characterized by extreme power imbalances between the parties.     

Research Note: Randomized field experiments published in the British Journal of Criminology, 1960–2004

Randomized controlled trials have become an important component of evidence-based policy in criminal justice. Because searches of electronic bibliographic databases often miss relevant trials, handsearch – or the visual inspection of the contents of an article – is recommended as an additional search strategy. In this paper, we conducted an electronic handsearch of every available issue of the British Journal of Criminology (1960–2004) to determine how many randomized field experiments were published. We compare these results to earlier manual handsearch efforts to augment the Campbell Collaboration Social, Psychological, Educational and Criminological Trials Register (C2-SPECTR). We find only nine trials (although two used quasi-random allocation such as alternation), and just one published in the past 20 years. We discuss some possible reasons for this, and conclude with a modest agenda for improving the reporting of evidence in the age of evidence-based policy.     

The political consequences of uninformed voters

Americans fail to meet the democratic ideal of an informed electorate, and the consequences of this political ignorance are a topic of significant scholarly debate. In two independent settings, we experimentally test the effect of political information on citizens' attitudes toward the major parties in the U.S. When uninformed citizens receive political information, they systematically shift their political preferences away from the Republican Party and toward the Democrats. A lack of knowledge on the policy positions of the parties significantly hinders the ability of low-socioeconomic-status citizens to translate their preferences into partisan opinions and vote choices. As a result, American public opinion—and potentially election results and public policy as a result—is significantly different from the counterfactual world in which all voters are informed.     

THE PHILADELPHIA FOOT PATROL EXPERIMENT: A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL OF POLICE PATROL EFFECTIVENESS IN VIOLENT CRIME HOTSPOTS*

Originating with the Newark, NJ, foot patrol experiment, research has found police foot patrols improve community perception of the police and reduce fear of crime, but they are generally unable to reduce the incidence of crime. Previous tests of foot patrol have, however, suffered from statistical and measurement issues and have not fully explored the potential dynamics of deterrence within microspatial settings. In this article, we report on the efforts of more than 200 foot patrol officers during the summer of 2009 in Philadelphia. Geographic information systems (GIS) analysis was the basis for a randomized controlled trial of police effectiveness across 60 violent crime hotspots. The results identified a significant reduction in the level of treatment area violent crime after 12 weeks. A linear regression model with separate slopes fitted for treatment and control groups clarified the relationship even more. Even after accounting for natural regression to the mean, target areas in the top 40 percent on pretreatment violent crime counts had significantly less violent crime during the operational period. Target areas outperformed the control sites by 23 percent, resulting in a total net effect (once displacement was considered) of 53 violent crimes prevented. The results suggest that targeted foot patrols in violent crime hotspots can significantly reduce violent crime levels as long as a threshold level of violence exists initially. The findings contribute to a growing body of evidence on the contribution of hotspots and place‐based policing to the reduction of crime, and especially violent crime, which is a significant public health threat in the United States. We suggest that intensive foot patrol efforts in violent hotspots may achieve deterrence at a microspatial level, primarily by increasing the certainty of disruption, apprehension, and arrest. The theoretical and practical implications for violence reduction are discussed.