关于中国传统法律文化及其全球化的几点思考

文化与法律文化是一般与特殊的关系.成文法典化、公法化是中国传统法律文化的根本特质,而儒家文化则构成了中国传统文化的精神内核.中国传统法律文化经历了固守、学习、迷信、融合等四个不同的演进阶段.面对全球化法律文化浪潮的冲击,当下我国应理性建构新的、顺应时代的、并具有中国传统法律文化特色的新法律文化.     

“统一唯一国家所有权”理论的悖谬及改革切入点分析

“统一唯一国家所有权”理论存在严重问题:其理论上悖谬困窘,无法自圆其说,实践中导致国有资产保护极度乏力.从概念和逻辑上来说,无论是在国际法还是在内国法上,“国家”与“全民”均不能等同,因而,国家所有权与全民所有权不可能同义,抽象的“国家”无法成为民法上具体“物”的所有权主体.基于实践视角观察,在所谓的”统一唯一国家所有权“内还存在诸多利益冲突,如分税制体现出的中央政府与地方政府的利益划分、各地方政府之间的利益纠葛,以及“央企”与地方国企的利益争夺等,这表明”统一唯一的国家所有权“事实上并不存在.自民法理论而言,现行国家所有权制度严重违背民法科学原理,其主体、客体、权利、义务及责任等民事法律关系五个基本要素均不明确和确定.因此,应尽速废止“童话式的统一唯一国家所有权”理论,代之以符合民法科学原理的公法法人所有权理论.     

法人主体相对性研究

团体拟人主体化是民法二元主体结构形成的基础,作为平等主体的自然人和法人概念在大陆法系学术和立法语言中占据统治地位。作为集合体的法人团体经法技术的整体化抽象和个体化拟制,已然取得了同自然人一样的基础主体地位,掩盖了其群体性和社会性本质,危害甚巨。法人主体相对性思想揭示了法人主体的技术性、非基础性和难以同自然人类比的形式意义;分析了法人本质的集体性和技术智能工具性,并以公司法人为例阐释了法人的"生死"相对性、独立相对性和本质上的技术智能工具性,为深入解读法人的主体形式化、交易控制客体化和关联非独立化现实,实质性反思和完善法人制度提供了思想基础和原理性指南。     

从比较法视角看饲养动物致害的侵权责任制度及我国立法之完善

近些年动物伤人事件频频发生,值得反思动物致人损害的责任制度。饲养动物致人损害是较为特殊的一种侵权行为,侵权主体的高危险性决定了其归责制度必然不同于一般的侵权行为。各国民事法律均对其责任有专门的规定。本文试图通过考察各国对动物致害责任的归责制度,根据我国立法环境,借鉴各国立法经验,就动物侵权行为主体的划分和侵权义务主体认定两个重要问题提出完善建议。     

TESTING A BAYESIAN LEARNING THEORY OF DETERRENCE AMONG SERIOUS JUVENILE OFFENDERS*

The effect of criminal experience on risk perceptions is of central importance to deterrence theory but has been vastly understudied. This article develops a realistic Bayesian learning model of how individuals will update their risk perceptions over time in response to the signals they receive during their offending experiences. This model implies a simple function that we estimate to determine the deterrent effect of an arrest. We find that an individual who commits one crime and is arrested will increase his or her perceived probability of being caught by 6.3 percent compared with if he or she had not been arrested. We also find evidence that the more informative the signal received by an individual is, the more he or she will respond to it, which is consistent with more experienced offenders responding less to an arrest than less experienced offenders do. Parsing our results out by type of crime indicates that an individual who is arrested for an aggressive crime will increase both his or her aggressive crime risk perception as well as his or her income‐generating crime risk perception, although the magnitude of the former may be slightly larger. This implies that risk perception updating, and thus potentially deterrence, may be partially, although not completely, crime specific.     

论法治理性视野下警察执法和谐的构建

以法治理性的价值判断和价值选择审视和优化警察执法环境,是坚持以人为本、以自由秩序原则和民主法治精神构建警察执法和谐的关键所在。以自由秩序原则和民主法治精神构建警察执法和谐是法治理性的基本要求;尊重和保障人权是警察执法和谐的真谛;体现法治理性的宽容精神是警察执法和谐的需要。警察执法和谐呼唤体现法治理性的积极守法精神。培养积极守法精神对于促进公民理性守法,警察理性执法,实现警察执法效益的最大化以及构建和谐社会都具有重要意义。     

也论“胎儿损害赔偿请求权”——基于民法请求权理论的思考

近年来,学界出现了＂胎儿损害赔偿请求权＂的提法,其实质是指自然人对于出生前所遭受的损害有权要求赔偿,权利主体应是自然人而非胎儿,行使赔偿请求权的前提是自然人的先期人身法益遭受了侵害。胎儿不具有民事主体资格,不能享有民事实体权利,在遭受侵害时也就不存在损害赔偿请求权。因此,这一提法不妥,应予纠正。     

The need for a complete dental autopsy of unidentified edentulous human remains

In December 2017, a decomposed unidentified body was found near the river Tronto in Teramo, Italy. The corpse was found without any identifying documents or specific personal belongings, except for a packet of cigarettes. The medical examiner determined a gastric perforation from the intake of hydrochloric acid to be the cause of death. A jar of muriatic acid found near the body led to suicide being considered the manner of death. The Penal Court in Teramo appointed two forensic odontologists to complete the postmortem assessment and collect dental data for personal identification. The corpse was found wearing a complete set of upper and lower dentures. The dental autopsy and 42 periapical X-ray images helped generate a biological profile of a man totally edentulous with upper and lower dentures, as well as an osteosynthesis with two plates and screws in the left ascending ramus of the mandible. In March 2018, the sister of a missing person reported the disappearance of her brother, and a presumptive identification was performed through visual recognition of the decomposed body. The sister confirmed the presence of two dentures and the location of the maxillo-facial surgery for the treatment of the fractured mandible. A complete dental autopsy was able to establish his identity without any DNA comparison needed. This case highlights the importance of performing a complete dental autopsy inclusive of dental radiographs, and its value in the identification of all unknown human remains even when totally edentulous.A complete dental autopsy should be performed in all cases of human identification.

Keypoints

• Despite a corpse being edentulous, a complete dental autopsy can still be useful.
• Dental radiographs, such as bitewings, periapical images, panoramic radiographs, and CT scans, are recommended in all identification autopsies.

     

企业社会责任践行机制之探究——兼论司法介入的合理性

从现代企业社会责任理论之勃兴着手探讨该理论的价值内涵及正确的价值导向,为企业社会责任之道德责任、法律责任的践行奠定正确的理论起点。针对践行企业社会责任之法律责任目前的立法状态分析司法介入企业社会责任实现机制的可能性及面临的几大难题,并提出了相应的理论构想以期待学界对企业社会责任的研究向司法领域的延伸。     

德国的法人刑事责任论述评

德国现行刑法典与判例对法人犯罪皆持否定态度 ,但学术界对法人有害行为追究刑事责任的观念也已得到广泛承认。本文通过探讨德国法律制度对法人处罚规定的得失 ,指出法人犯罪肯定论虽然日益受到重视 ,但在和刑法理论的调和上还有许多不完善之处。应在从正面肯定法人的犯罪能力的基础上 ,探讨合适有效的制裁体系