Validation of thin layer chromatography with AccuTOF-DART™ detection for forensic drug analysis

Abstract: Thin layer chromatography (TLC) is a technique that is commonly employed in the forensic drug analysis of pharmaceutical preparations. Detection is typically accomplished using various visualization spray reagents. Conventional gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) analysis is typically performed to confirm the TLC results. Depending on the drugs tested and the instrument conditions required, this confirmation can take up to an hour to complete. Direct analysis in real time (DART?) is an ionization source, coupled to an accurate‐mass time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer that has the capability to ionize materials under ambient conditions. To streamline analysis, the combination of TLC with DART? detection is proposed to screen and subsequently identify drug compounds, all from the same TLC plate. DART? confirmations of TLC analyses take <10 min to complete and compare favorably to GC‐MS in sensitivity and selectivity. This study validates the use of TLC‐DART in the forensic identification of the components of several pharmaceutical preparations.     

Developmental validation of feline, bovine, equine, and cervid quantitative PCR assays

Accurate DNA quantification is essential for optimizing DNA testing and minimizing sample consumption. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays have been published for human and canine nuclear DNA, and the need for quantifying other forensically important species was evident. Following the strategy employed for the canine qPCR assay, we developed individual assays to accurately quantify feline, bovine, equine, and cervid nuclear DNA. Each TaqMan-based assay incorporates a genus-specific probe targeting the Melanocortin-1 Receptor gene and includes a piece of synthetic DNA that acts as an internal PCR control for detecting inhibition. Developmental validations were carried out following the revised guidelines of the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods with modifications necessary for validation of nonhuman qPCR assays. All assays demonstrated the specificity, sensitivity, stability, reproducibility, accuracy, and precision required for forensic casework. The application of these assays to animal forensic DNA analysis has both conserved laboratory resources and improved genotyping results.     

Analysis of alprazolam by DART-TOF mass spectrometry in counterfeit and routine drug identification cases

The high prevalence of alprazolam abuse translates to an increased workload for crime laboratories in characterizing seized tablets. These tablets may originate as diverted pharmaceuticals or counterfeited mimics, so efficient analytical techniques should provide confirmatory data while minimizing destruction of evidence. We offer the first report of a validated forensic method for confirming alprazolam tablets by direct analysis in real time-time of flight (DART-TOF) mass spectrometric analysis. This technique provides rapid identification of target analytes with minimal sample preparation, allowing direct analysis in the atmospheric sample gap. Selectivity is achieved through high resolution and mass accuracy, unique ion fragments, and chlorine isotopic ratios. This method utilizes fragmentation in two separate voltage functions to observe the alprazolam pseudo molecular ion at 309.09070 using 40 V and major ion fragments of 281.07197 and 205.07657 at 120 V. These parameters allow our laboratory to confirm alprazolam tablets efficiently, without compromising quality forensic standards.     

不动产登记簿错误之类型与更正登记

不动产登记簿错误可以分为权利事项错误与非权利事项错误。权利事项错误意味着登记簿上对不动产物权的归属和内容的记载不正确,而非权利事项错误则是指那些不涉及物权归属和内容的登记簿错误。二者在是否会对物权构成妨害、是否导致善意取得以及更正登记的程序上完全不同。我国《物权法》第19条区分了这两类错误,并确立了不同的更正程序与要件。当不动产登记簿上存在权利事项错误时,应由利害关系人行使更正请求权请求登记簿记载的权利人同意更正。如果权利人拒绝的,更正请求权人应诉请法院或仲裁委员会解决该民事争议。原则上,只有法院、仲裁委员会的生效法律文书才属于证明登记确有错误的证据,登记机构才能据此进行更正登记。但是,对于非权利事项错误,权利人可以通过提供证据证明登记确有错误而申请更正登记,登记机构也可以依职权进行更正登记。     

我国房地产登记机构赔偿责任的法律思考

房地产登记机构的赔偿责任是我国当前不动产物权登记立法中的重大、疑难问题之一,理论上对此也多有纷争。从我国房地产登记的立法精神以及实践做法来看,登记机构的赔偿责任应当认定为以过错归责为原则的国家赔偿责任。在共同责任形态下,应当根据侵权责任法的原理科学分配登记机构的赔偿责任形态。同时,应当借鉴国外经验,适当限制房地产登记机构的赔偿范围,并建立以专项赔偿资金为主体、以追偿和罚款所得为补充的资金保障制度。     

物权法第28条中的“法律文书”的类别及其具体类型

物权法第28条规定:由人民法院、仲裁委员会的法律文书引发的物权变动,自法律文书生效时发生效力。这里的法律文书在类别上是形成性的。在现行法上,符合这个要求的法律文书主要有:人民法院或仲裁委员会的分割共有物的法律文书、撤销有关物权变动合同的法律文书、撤销诈害债权行为的法律文书以及撤销特定情形下集体经济组织、村民委员会或者其负责人、业主大会或者业主委员会的变动物权的决定所制作的法律文书和依照情势变更规则解除有关物权变动的合同的法律文书。人民法院、仲裁委员会就履行当事人之间订立的有关物权变动的合同、确认该合同无效或该合同的解除作出的法律文书都不是形成性的。     

Real-time polymerase chain reaction quantification of canine DNA

The accurate quantification of target DNA is an important step in the short tandem repeat analysis of forensic biological samples. By utilizing quantification data to control the amount of template DNA in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), forensic scientists can optimize testing and minimize the consumption of limited samples. The ability to identify and quantify target DNA in mixed-species samples is crucial when it may be overwhelmed by nontarget DNA, as in cases of dog attack. We evaluated two quantitative real-time PCR assays for dynamic range, species specificity, and inhibition by humic acid. While both assays proved to be highly sensitive and discriminating, the Melanocortin-1 Receptor (MC1R) gene Taqman assay had the advantages of a shorter run time, greater efficiency, and safer reagents. In its application to forensic casework, the MC1R assay has been advantageous for quantifying dog DNA in a variety of mixed-species samples and facilitating the successful profiling of individual dogs.     

不动产登记机关登记错误赔偿案件的法律适用

我国关于不动产登记机关承担责任的立法,先后呈现了不同阶段与时期的变化与发展。登记机关的错误登记行为承担民事赔偿责任还是行政赔偿责任,不同的法有不同的规定。《物权法》的实施,再次将民事责任与行政责任的交叉适用纳入公众视线。在法律制度没有改变不动产登记行为行政性质的前提下,在我国不动产登记法、新的法律法规、司法解释出台之前,涉及不动产登记业务而引发的赔偿案件,仍应适用现有的法律法规及司法解释来判定不动产登记机关的赔偿责任。     

涉案机动车物权归属及侵权责任认定

涉及刑事案件、行政案件的机动车,其善意取得应类型化处理,作为特殊动产,还应完成车辆过户变更登记。涉案机动车发生侵权责任的,应严格依照侵权责任法,由责任人承担侵权损害赔偿责任。     

我国物权变动立法应否采有因的物权行为模式

有因的物权行为模式就是在承认物权行为理论的前提下,否认其无因性而改采有因性,其虽具一定的合理性且避免了无因性所产生的弊端,但有因物权行为同样是站在德国物权行为理论的土壤之上,对交付等事实行为的理论抽象。善意取得制度与公示公信原则不是可以相互替代的关系,善意取得制度是以公示公信原则为前提和基础。