论言词证据之禁止——以《德国刑事诉讼法》为中心的分析

《德国刑事诉讼法》第136条a是在特定背景下,以德国基本法为根据而单独增加的条款。它采用列举和概括相结合的方式对禁止使用的讯问方法及违法取供的程序性后果作了明确规定。该条文的内涵在德国司法实践中不断得到扩展,目前已经成为德国言词证据收集与运用的基本法则。当前我国刑事诉讼中增设非法言词证据排除规则的立法背景与德国当时增设第136条a具有许多相似性,应当借鉴德国做法,构建适合我国国情的言词证据禁止法则。     

Can Jurors Recognize Missing Control Groups,Confounds, and Experimenter Bias in Psychological Science?

This study examined the ability of jury-eligible community members (N = 248) to detect internal validity threats in psychological science presented during a trial. Participants read a case summary in which an expert testified about a study that varied in internal validity (valid, missing control group, confound, and experimenter bias) and ecological validity (high, low). Ratings of expert evidence quality and expert credibility were higher for the valid versus missing control group versions only. Internal validity did not influence verdict or ratings of plaintiff credibility and no differences emerged as a function of ecological validity. Expert evidence quality, expert credibility, and plaintiff credibility were positively correlated with verdict. Implications for the scientific reasoning literature and for trials containing psychological science are discussed.     

医疗纠纷司法鉴定40例分析

目的分析医疗纠纷产生的主要原因和医疗过失行为的主要表现形式,并探讨医疗纠纷司法鉴定中应注意的主要问题。方法对2006—2008年本所鉴定的40例医疗纠纷案件进行回顾性分析。结果在40例医疗纠纷案件中,来自市级、县级、乡镇医院及个体诊所的分别为11例（27.5%）、24例（60.0%）、2例（5.0%）和3例（7.5%）;来自内科、外科、妇产科、儿科和门/急诊的分别16例（40.0%）、10例（25.0%）、9例（22.5%）、2例（5.0%）和3例（7.5%）;来自县级以上医院的医疗纠纷被认定存在医疗过失行为的比例低于乡镇医院及个体诊所。结论市、县级医院医疗纠纷较乡镇医院及个体诊所多见,但被认定有医疗过失的要少于乡镇医院及个体诊所。     

The indirectly generated tainted truth effect: warning is not necessary to worsen the testimony of non-misled persons

The purpose of the present research was to examine the indirectly generated tainted truth effect (TTE). The TTE refers to decreased accuracy on a memory test among persons who are erroneously warned about non-existent misinformation in material that describes an event. It was expected that the TTE would occur even without an explicit warning about misinformation, if one distinctive item of misinformation appeared in postevent material that also contained correct information that was consistent with the original material about the event (indirectly generated TTE: IGTTE). Experiment 1 produced the IGTTE and this effect was replicated in Experiment 2. Experiment 2 showed that the classic and indirect versions of the TTE usually occurred among persons who incorrectly monitored the source of information. Experiment 3 replicated the IGTTE using a procedure that included an additional phase between presenting the original and postevent material – initial testing. When the initial testing procedure was administered in Experiment 3, the TTE was smaller; however, this initial testing procedure had no effect on the IGTTE.     

Judging guilt and accuracy: highly confident eyewitnesses are discounted when they provide featural justifications

Jurors are heavily swayed by confident eyewitnesses. Are they also influenced by how eyewitnesses justify their level of confidence? Here we document a counter-intuitive effect: when eyewitnesses identified a suspect from a lineup with absolute certainty (‘I am completely confident’) and justified their confidence by referring to a visible feature of the accused (‘I remember his nose’), participants judged the suspect as less likely to be guilty than when eyewitnesses identified a suspect with absolute certainty but offered an unobservable justification (‘I would never forget him’) or no justification at all. Moreover, people perceive an eyewitness’s identification as nearly 25% less accurate when the eyewitness has provided a featural justification than an unobservable justification or simply no justification. Even when an eyewitness’s level of confidence is clear because s/he has expressed it numerically (e.g. ‘I am 100% certain’) participants perceive eyewitnesses as not credible (i.e. inaccurate) when the eyewitness has provided a featural justification. However, the effect of featural justifications – relative to a confidence statement only – is maximal when there is an accompanying lineup of faces, moderate when there is a single face and minimal when there is no face at all. The results support our Perceived-Diagnosticity account.     

法官庭外调查权的理解与适用

刑事诉讼法赋予了法官庭外调查权,但由于法律规定的过于笼统,使人们对法官庭外调查权的理解和适用产生了分歧。本文在贯彻法官中立原则和有利于被告人原则的前提下,对法官庭外调查权进行定位并从程序上对该项权利进行完善,从而防止审判权的异化并维护司法公正。     

污点证人作证豁免制度探析

污点证人作证豁免制度能有效分化瓦解犯罪联盟,是鼓励犯罪者和追诉机关合作的一项重要措施.其理论基础是反对强迫自证其罪的特权.我国法律中有关类似的规定并不是真正意义上的污点证人作证豁免制度,只是体现了其精神而已.在修改刑事诉讼法时,有必要对严重刑事犯罪适用该制度,并建立起相应的保障制度.     

浅析涉及患者死亡的医疗事故技术鉴定

涉及患者死亡的医疗事故属于一级医疗事故,其技术鉴定能否做到公正的意义重大。对于这类鉴定的主要形式应是医学会组织的技术鉴定,辅助形式是法医司法鉴定。为了确保鉴定结果更加公正．科学,应加大法医参与涉及患者死亡的医疗事故技术鉴定的力度。     

浅议商业贿赂案件的证据收集

证据收集是刑事诉讼活动的核心内容,打击商业贿赂犯罪,应明确商业贿赂案件证据收集的内容,结合商业贿赂案件证据的特点,掌握收集证据的途径和方法。     

Agenda‐Setting at the Energy‐Water Nexus: Constructing and Maintaining a Policy Monopoly in U.S. Hydraulic Fracturing Regulation

Despite calls to increase federal oversight of hydraulic fracturing (HF), the U.S. Congress has maintained a regulatory system in which environmental regulatory authority is devolved to the states. We argue that this system is characterized by a long‐standing “policy monopoly”: a form of stability in policy agenda‐setting in which a specific manner of framing and regulating a policy issue becomes hegemonic. Integrating theories on agenda‐setting and environmental discourse analysis, we develop a nuanced conceptualization of policy monopoly that emphasizes the significance of regulatory history, public perceptions, industry–government relations, and environmental “storylines.” We evaluate how a policy monopoly in U.S. HF regulation has been constructed and maintained through a historical analysis of oil and gas regulation and a discourse analysis of eleven select congressional energy committee hearings. This research extends scholarship on agenda‐setting by better illuminating the importance of political economic and geographic factors shaping regulatory agendas and outcomes.