《东西洋考每月统记传》对西方宪法观念中“自由”的介绍

《东西洋考每月统记传》作为中国近代第一种中文期刊,鸦片战争前在许多文章中以西方立宪背景介绍了宪法观念中的自由,涉及西方多个国家的自由传统,以及自由和专制之间的冲突。并且以专文的形式介绍了英国的自主之理,内容涉及英国政体和法治,而且文中从天赋人权出发,列举了几项基本自由和权利。     

论私文书证明力的推定规则

私文书形式证明力的有无可以从书证的名义人真实、形式真实两个层面来判断，名义人真实可以从名义人的签章真实来推定，形式真实可以通过名义入真实来推定。在确定实质证明力方面，司法推定具有一定作用。举证人对私文书的真实负证明责任，适用推定规则时，当事人对基础事实和推定事实的证明主题和证明标准均有所区别。     

政府公共服务效能提升的对策研究

在全球化的城市体系下,世界国与国之间、城市与城市之间的竞争变得异常激烈,政府公共服务效能和质量的高低将成为影响国家和城市竞争力的重要因素,因此提升政府的公共服务效能是提升城市竞争力和政府形象的有效途径。虽然我国政府公共服务效能提升已取得一定的成效,但是与发达国家和政府的公共服务效能相比还存在不小的差距,因此应通过政府公共服务均等化、加大政府公共服务投入、建立政府公共服务绩效排行制度等措施提升政府的公共服务效能,建设真正的"服务型政府"。     

Do multilingual androids dream of a better life in Australia? Effectiveness of information technology for government translation to support refugees and migrants in Australia

Without high‐quality translation of online information about government support and services, refugees and migrants from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds in Australia experience a major barrier to improved health, employment, education and social outcomes. Recent advances in the ability of Google Translate, Skype Translator and other forms of machine translation that use artificial intelligence can help translate government information to better support refugees and migrants but they bring the risk of ineffective communication, and exclusion from services that could positively impact on settlement experiences and daily life. Evidence suggests that government agencies are likely to be using human translators for most translation work, but the degree to which any form of information technology is used, how it may be best applied and the associated effects are not known. This study systematically reviewed the peer‐reviewed and grey literature to determine effective ways of using information technology for translating government information to refugees and migrants from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds in Australia. Included studies were analysed to identify techniques and other characteristics of translation, information technology and language support more broadly, and outcomes on education, health, social and other refugee and migrant experiences relating to translated information. Our review found a small evidence base featuring studies with strong evaluation demonstrating effective forms of ‘language support’ for refugees and migrants from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds in Australia in a broad sense. However, there is a major gap in knowledge that is contributing to barriers in the use of online government information in Australia. In particular, there is an absence of evidence demonstrating what is effective in the use of machine translation with artificial intelligence, websites and other kinds of information technology for translating government information with refugees and migrants from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds. The oversight risks further excluding already marginalised groups from services and support. This paper makes a number of suggestions practitioners can take to address the issue and guidelines for future research.     

Cost‐Effectiveness of Early Childhood Interventions to Enhance Preschool: Evidence from a Randomized Experiment in Head Start Centers Enrolling Historically Underserved Populations

We evaluate the cost‐effectiveness of two early childhood interventions that use instructional coaching and parent coaching as levers for improvement. The study design allows us to compare the individual effects of each intervention as well as their combined effect on student outcomes. We find that teachers receiving instructional coaching improve their use of evidence‐based instructional practices, while families receiving parent coaching show increases in numerous responsive parenting behaviors associated with positive child outcomes. Both interventions demonstrate positive impacts on students, but only parent coaching shows statistically significant effects across a range of student outcomes. Instructional coaching alone is substantially less costly and may therefore be the most cost‐effective of the three treatment conditions; however, small sample sizes limit our ability to reach definitive conclusions. Policy simulations suggest that implementing these interventions could raise the overall cost‐effectiveness of Head Start by at least 16 percent.     

基于实效性的高校廉洁教育的方法与途径

廉洁教育实效性强调取得实际的效益和效果，凸显廉洁教育的务实性、实在性和有效性。实效性是廉洁教育的本质所决定，是实现高校廉洁教育目的的关键，同样也构成廉洁教育方法途径创新探索的核心。基于实效性的方法途径创新，表现为诸多方法途径整合为有机统一的整体，共同作用于廉洁教育。因此，必须以重视实践、制度建设与校园文化建设为基本原则，理顺和正确处理高校内外的各种现实关系，真正实现廉洁教育之实效。     

网络社区警务室效能研究——以北京市为样本

随着公安信息化建设的大力推进,我国网络社区警务室应运而生并快速发展,在短短的几年时间内取得了丰硕成果.目前网络社区警务室还存在运行管理未形成长效机制、建“室”方式不统一等问题.应从以下方面完善网络社区警务室建设:将网络社区警务室纳入政府网站,统一管理；整合网站资源,突出服务功能；社区民警工作由被动型向主动型转变.     

党的领导写入 1982 年宪法的历史回顾与新期待

1982年宪法制定时,对于是否要写党的领导,在政治、思想领域曾经有激烈的交锋,因为邓小平的决断,党的领导最终由全国人大会议通过写入宪法.而在宪法中如何写党的领导,也经过了反复考虑的过程.彭真认为,在党的威信下降,党的领导受到怀疑和反对的情况下,就不能将党的领导写成一种主张,只有阐述党在20世纪领导中国人民所做的几件大事,才能寓理于实,统一思想.但由于以写历史代替写主张,又导致序言中党的领导缺乏确定的内涵,即便参与立宪的先贤们对其中的诸多问题在认识上也存在模糊和不统一的情况.不久前,中央公布制定党内法规五年规划纲要,决定以制定党内法规的形式将党的领导的各类事项予以制度化,这是落实1982年宪法中党的领导的重大措施,给人以新的期待.     

增强高校“形势与政策”课教育教学实效性探析

形势与政策课是高等院校思想政治理论课的重要组成部分。当前高校形势与政策课教育教学中存在着高校重视不够、师资队伍不稳定、教学形式单一等主要问题。与其它课程相比，形势与政策课有其鲜明特点，其内容时效性强、教学领域宽、教育政策性突出、教法灵活多样。针对此课程教育教学中存在的主要问题和此课程独有特点，高等院校应做到明确教学目的、丰富教学内容、改进教学手段，切实增强形势与政策课教育教学实效性。     

刑期折抵的理论定位

在现代刑法中,刑期折抵不只是一个法律规定,而且是一种现代法律制度。这种法律制度,相对于所处法律关系的不同,可有不同的理论定位。其中,从羁押折抵刑期的本质来看,其立法设置旨在救济未决羁押之正当性瑕疵,是刑事实体救济制度;从罪刑关系运行所处时间阶段来看,其司法适用需要审判裁量,是刑罚裁量制度;从适用的法律后果来看,其司法适用导致刑罚执行权的部分甚至全部消灭,是刑罚消灭制度。