Ideas and experts: Indonesian approaches to economic and security cooperation in the Asia‐Pacific region

Indonesia has been a key player in various initiatives to promote both economic and security cooperation in the Asia‐Pacific region in recent years. This essay explores the role of policy experts in facilitating these moves. The central argument is that in both policy spheres it is indeed possible to identify networks of policy experts who have been directly and indirectly associated with efforts to strengthen regional cooperation. Although the dearth of primary research into policy‐making processes in Indonesia makes it difficult to weigh the inputs of experts against other likely causal factors, there are reasonable grounds for believing that their contribution has been an important one.     

Latvian sandstone caves as cultural phenomena

This article examines academic cooperation in the Baltic Sea Region. Academic networks are being discussed as indicators of regionalization, but research on the empirical basis is scarce. In the article, the regional networks of 70 higher education institutions in the Baltic States and the German federal state Mecklenburg–Western Pomerania are analyzed. The analysis shows a heterogeneous pattern for the regional higher education area. Regional embedding depends on the focus of an academy and its participation in regional networks. The article concludes with a discussion of options to be considered by regional organizations in order to strengthen regional academic cooperation.     

中国对东亚地区主义观念的转变

本文通过对中国与东盟互动关系的个案分析来解释中国是如何从地区多边机制的“置身其外”到“作用其中”的。中国和东盟双方几次以善意为基础的互动促进了双方的了解和认识,帮助建立了双方新的身份和利益。最终双方都习得了关于东亚地区主义的新观念,共同努力促进东亚一体化的发展。     

地区与世界

新地区主义是“开放的”或“多孔化”地区主义,它的政治逻辑与旧地区主义不同。地区是由制度秩序定义的。地区化、全球化、国际化等进程融合在一起,使得地区身份呈混杂性,它吸收了各家之长,又以不同的方式对各国进行重塑。世界是由多孔化的或开放的地区构成的,其中地区秩序相互渗透、各种进程互相充实。现在甚至未来几十年的世界秩序是美国帝权体系。帝权以领土为基础,同时又有非领土层面的含义。帝权与地区秩序之间呈双向互动关系,地区核心国家是帝权的支持国。     

试论中国美术在全球化趋势下的区域性独立

凸显在世界方方面面的全球化倾向是时下的热门话题，中国美术自然也不能回避其影响。梳理中国美术的历史脉络，面对新的机遇，迎接新的挑战，作者提出中国美术应该立足于本土而融入世界的区域性独立的观点。     

Regional Mobilization in the ‘New Europe’: A Research Agenda

This Special Issue re-assesses regional mobilization in the ‘New Europe’. We anticipate that enlargement to Central Europe, the entering into force of the Lisbon Treaty and the largest economic and financial crisis since the birth of the European Community have affected how regional governments respond to Europeanization along three different dimensions: (1) the position they take vis-à-vis the process of EU integration more generally, (2) the strategies they adopt in response to Europeanization pressures and (3) their internal structures and dynamics of the EU member states as multi-level states. The article introduces a framework and formulates hypotheses to examine why and how Europeanization pressures in the ‘New Europe’ affect regional mobilization along these three dimensions. In the final section, the article also introduces the various contributions to this Special Issue and relates them to the analytical framework.     

From sultanism to neopatrimonialism? Regionalism within Turkmenistan

This paper proposes that under President Berdimuhamedov, the government of Turkmenistan has begun to move away from the ‘sultanism’ of the Niyazov era. Instead, the new government exhibits characteristics and has pursued policy changes that prepare conditions for the further development and entrenchment of localized networks of elites based on kinship. Such changes suggest that the government of Turkmenistan may develop into a more classic neopatrimonial system of authoritarian governance similar to the other post-Soviet republics in Central Asia. This argument is advanced by examining changes between the governments of former President Niyazov and Berdimuhamedov with regard to three areas of the Turkmen state's relationship with its constituent regions: regional composition of the national cabinet; hakim (governor) policy; and regional development. This examination relies largely on a comprehensive survey of online Turkmen state-media sources, as well as numerous supportive secondary sources.     

浅析中国在东亚区域合作中提供公共产品的若干问题

20世纪90年代以来,东亚的区域合作已经取得了显著进展,但强调民族主义和跨国主义并存的东亚新区域主义的发展并不等于东亚一体化的形成,东亚区域合作仍然在不断整合当中.中国作为正在崛起中的大国,在东亚区域合作中担当着重要角色.中国能否在东亚区域合作中提供公共产品,以何种方式提供公共产品,在提供公共产品方面以何为现实依据,这不仅对东亚区域合作的成功与结构整合有重大意义,也将对东亚国际关系乃至整个世界格局产生重大影响.     

"东盟方式":现实与神话

对"东盟方式"的赞誉和批评都有着一定的历史背景,因此"东盟方式"也有其一定的现实性与神话性.前东盟秘书长舒云路所强调的法制以及著名学者阿查亚的"本土化"概念都为观察东南亚地区合作的发展提供了有益的新视角,作者主张使用历史和动态的眼光看待和评价"东盟方式".     

南亚地区合作:从地区认同的构建到地区主义的形成

冷战结束后,地理空间的认同取代了意识形态的认同,地区合作成为各国谋求进一步发展的重要手段和行动取向之一。由于历史和地缘政治的因素,南亚地区的两个大国印度和巴基斯坦一直没有实现关系正常化,阻碍了地区合作的进展。推进南亚地区合作,需要建立稳定的印巴关系,推进制度化建设,进行互信建设,以培育地区认同。合作安全应当是南亚地区合作的基本范式,能否实现其合作安全主要取决于印度对自身在南亚的身份定位及对参与南亚地区合作自我意识的建立。