‘That splendid body of women’: nursing,professional registration,and suffragette militancy

ABSTRACT

In the decades before World War One, a group of women fought for their right to control their own futures, claiming that their governance was in the hands of men whose interests lay in keeping women subservient. Initially articulated by an educated, middle-class few, the women's demands were embraced by widening numbers of both women and men. They saw their hopes dashed on several occasions by political manoeuvring, and only after WWI did their demands begin to be met. This is not an account of the women’s suffrage movement, but rather of the fight for the registration of trained nurses. Both movements claimed the right of women to be actors in their public lives and both faced public condemnation for transgressing social boundaries. The two movements interacted, with nurses connecting their struggle to the wider call for women's rights, and with the suffrage movement foregrounding nurses as disenfranchised women professionals.     

The deportation continuum: convergences between state agents and NGO workers in the Dutch deportation field

The social field in which deportations of illegalized migrants are operationalized is often perceived to be comprised of two opposing sides that together form a deportation regime: on the one side, street-level state agents, on the other side, civil-society actors. Focusing ethnographically on deportation case managers and NGO workers in the Netherlands, a country known for its consensus politics, our study reveals significant convergences in the manners that illegalized migrants are treated by both sides in usage of terminology, handling of face-to-face interactions and worldviews on issues like belonging and justice. Given these convergences, we argue that the field in which deportation is being negotiated and practiced amounts to a continuum formed by state agents and NGO actors. We argue that a deportation continuum is underlined by shared political subjectivities and creates a sealed-off political realm that restricts the initiatives of activist citizens, imaginaries of citizenship and alternatives for deportation policies.     

事业单位法人设立登记制度法律问题透视

事业单位是由单一的主体即国家举办的服务于特定社会公益目标而设立的公共服务机构,事业单位的国家登记制度必要性不充分,宜改为备案和公告制度。对于有的事业单位一方面被事业单位登记部门认定为事业单位法人,一方面又被工商行政管理部门认定为企业法人的“双重法人”现象,应该随着事业单位改革的深入得以消除。     

从一起著作侵权案件谈我国著作权登记制度的完善

我国目前的著作权法律制度采取创作保护主义和自愿登记原则,作品登记在于为解决著作权纠纷提供初步证据。这对于维护著作权人的合法权益、降低权利人的交易成本、保障交易安全起到了重要的作用。但是由于现行的登记办法中缺乏对作品的独创性的严格审查,制定作品登记办法的初衷并不能够完全达到。本文拟从一起案例分析入手,探讨对现行的作品登记办法的完善。     

浅析不动产预告登记制度——兼论我国预告登记制度的完善

预告登记是起源德国普鲁士法的一项古老制度,其旨在保护以不动产物权变动为目的的债权请求权,因其在保障不动产交易安全、促进交易效率等方面发挥了非常重要的作用,后被许多国家和地区采用。我国于2007年10月1日施行的《中华人民共和国物权法》正式确立了不动产预告登记制度,但是它在实践中还存在许多不足,亟待解决。     

从商标抢注看商标法完善

在市场竞争日趋激烈的今天,商标抢注事件时有发生。商标抢注行为违背了商标法的立法宗旨、损害了商标在先使用者的利益和消费者的利益,违背了诚实信用原则,扰乱了正常的社会经济秩序。商标抢注问题亟需解决。本文对商标抢注现象产生的原因及其危害进行了分析,指出了现有立法的不足,并提出了完善我国商标法、制止恶意抢注商标行为的立法建议。     

Microwave-assisted extraction and differential scanning calorimetry in the chemical identification of sliming agents apprehended in the south region of Brazil

Over the past decades, consume of slimming agents considerably increased in several countries, including Brazil, due to weight-loss and stimulant properties. Since these drugs are controlled to prevent illicit and indiscriminate use, there is a parallel illegal market that uses the Internet and irregular pharmacies in order to distribute these formulations. Slimming agents produced by these illegal sources are known for being manufactured with little or none quality control resulting in uncertain and unknown formulations. For forensic purposes, apprehended pharmaceuticals have to undergo a process of chemical identification that can be difficult due to its complex matrix. In this sense, application of assisted energies in the extraction step such as microwave irradiation can be a promising method to increase the recuperation of the target molecules of the sample. Therefore, the aim of this research was to identify four slimming agents apprehended in Brazil by means of visual inspection, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry. Moreover, the efficiency of solid-liquid extraction and microwave-assisted extraction was compared. It should be noted that our work was one of the few to use Differential Scanning Calorimetry and the application of microwave irradiation in the analysis of apprehended materials. Results showed that the majority of the samples was counterfeit being composed of one or several adulterants or contaminants. Initially, visual inspection resourcefully screened the slimming agents for possible signs of falsification, however it failed to detect fraudulent products that were very similar to veridical medicines. Sequentially, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy detected functional groups present in the samples while the presence or absence of the alleged active ingredients were successfully measured with Differential Scanning Calorimetry and, thus, providing a full chemical screening of the apprehended materials. Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry confirmed the presence of adulterants such as caffeine, fluoxetine and phenolphthalein as well as contaminants such as sulfurol in the falsified samples. Finally, comparison of extraction procedures indicated that microwave-assisted extraction increased the recovery of compounds detected in chromatographic analysis to a greater extent than solid-liquid extraction.     

公众人物姓名商标注册的法律规制——以公众人物姓名与注册商标权利冲突为视角

姓名具有识别功能,亦可被作为商标使用。公众人物基于自己的努力使得自己的姓名在社会公众中具有一定的吸引力,并使得自己的姓名蕴含了一定的商业价值。基于此,常有第三人欲借用公众人物对社会大众吸引力变为对商品的消费,而未经公众人物许可将其姓名注册为商标。对此情况,我国商标法以较隐蔽的方式进行限制,但法律规定的不明晰使得公众人物姓名被抢注为商标的情况仍不时发生,并直接导致公众人物姓名权与姓名商标权之间的冲突。为此,法律在商标注册时应进行规制,从知名度的认定、争议商标与公众人物姓名相同的认定以及争议商标使用的事实状态等三个方面进行考量,防止不当注册的情况产生。     

论他物权的设定

我国物权法理论主要是以所有权为中心展开对物权变动的讨论,而忽视了他物权设定的特殊性。他物权的设定与所有权的移转存在着诸多区别,原则上他物权应通过物权设定的合同加公示方法才能设定。不动产他物权设定的模式一般应采取登记要件主义。     

商事登记制度的立法完善

在我国市场经济发展的现阶段,法典意义上的"民商分立"既无可能,亦无必要。由于我国缺乏商法的传统,在商法明显的国际化与统一化的趋向下,制定《商事通则》亦是困难重重。在我国商事立法进程中,当务之急是制定一部统一的《商事登记法》。商事登记法作为商事立法的重要组成部分,体现着商法营利性的核心理念,应当以效率与安全作为立法的基本价值取向。同时在立法中应注意一些具体问题,如商事主体的确认,注册登记与营业登记的分离以及商事登记机关责任的强化等。