Technocracy,democracy, and public policy: An evaluation of public participation in retrospective regulatory review

Retrospective review of existing regulations is an increasingly common aspect of the regulatory policy cycle. As with prospective regulatory policymaking, public participation is a central feature of many retrospective review initiatives. Despite its theoretical and practical significance, participation in retrospective review has received little scholarly attention. This paper presents the first systematic assessment of participation in United States retrospective regulatory review. Utilizing content analysis of an original dataset of government documents and public input produced pursuant to Executive Orders 13563, 13579, and 13610, the paper analyzes participatory institutional design, the level and composition of participants, and participation processes. The results suggest that retrospective review participation processes largely reflected the modes of stakeholder outreach and engagement employed in prospective regulatory policymaking, but resulted in comparatively low levels of participation. Consistent with the purposes enumerated in the executive orders, participation processes facilitated information exchange and were relatively representative of and responsive to stakeholders.     

Exploring the formal and informal roles of regulatory intermediaries in transnational multistakeholder regulation

Research on regulation and regulatory processes has traditionally focused on two prominent roles: rulemaking and rule‐taking. Recently, the mediating role of third party actors, regulatory intermediaries, has started to be explored – notably in a dedicated special issue of the ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. The present special issue extends this line of research by elaborating the distinction between formal and informal modes of regulatory intermediation, in the specific context of transnational multistakeholder regulation. In this introduction, we identify two key dimensions of intermediation (in)formalism: officialization and formalization. This allows us to develop a typology of intermediation in multistakeholder regulatory processes: formal, interpretive, alternative, and emergent. Leveraging examples from the papers in this special issue, we discuss how these four types of intermediation coexist and evolve over time. Finally, we elaborate on the implications of our typology for regulatory processes and outcomes.     

Towards a Global Regulatory Framework for Cross-Border Data Flows—Fundamental Concerns and the China’s Approach

Cross-border data flows not only involve cross-border trade issues, but also severely challenge personal information protection, national data security, and the jurisdiction of justice and enforcement. As the current digital trade negotiations could not accommodate these challenges, China has initiated the concept of secure cross-border data flow and has launched a dual-track multi-level regulatory system, including control system for overseas transfer of important data, system of crossborder provision of personal information, and system of cross-border data request for justice and enforcement. To explore a global regulatory framework for cross-border data flows, legitimate and controllable cross-border data flows should be promoted, supervision should be categorized based on risk concerned, and the rule of law should be coordinated at home and abroad to promote system compatibility. To this end, the key is to build a compatible regulatory framework, which includes clarifying the scope of important data to define the “Negative List” for preventing national security risks, improving the cross-border accountability for protecting personal information rights and interests to ease pre-supervision pressure, and focusing on data access rights instead of data localization for upholding the jurisdiction of justice and enforcement.     

国家调节权:第四种权力形态

中国的改革已进入攻坚阶段,下一轮改革的关键是改政府。长期以来,我们的改革一直致力于"政企分开",即国家行政管理权与国家所有权分开,却将国家调节权长期混同在行政权之中。国家调节权与行政权有明显的区别,是一种独立于传统的立法权、行政权、司法权之外的第四种权力形态。实现"十一五规划"政府职责的科学化目标,将改革深入下去,必须进一步分权,将国家调节权从行政权中分离出来。     

“更好规制”:规制治理的新理念与新追求

21世纪以来,“更好规制”成为市场经济发达国家规制改革的流行标签。通过规范规制决策的标准和程序改进政策制定和规制方式,减少政府规制行为的负面影响,提升规制质量,发达国家将“更好规制”作为推进行政体制改革、改善规制治理的新理念与新追求,以增加其行政合法性,并为经济发展营造良好的营商环境。厘清“更好规制”的兴起背景,阐明“更好规制”的理论内涵及主要工具,借鉴“更好规制”的合理之处,对推进我国规制改革具有重要意义。在推进国家治理现代化的进程中,建构与现代市场经济相适应的规制体制,必须转变规制观念,树立“更好规制”理念,改进规制方式,建立规制影响评估、规制协商和信息公开制度,促进规制工具的动态组合与优化,提高规制治理效率和规制质量。     

股指期货、现货市场流动性之间的周期联动效应

基于“价格尺度”与“时间尺度”等因素构建了股指期货市场流动性的新指标,并从周期性视角利用频谱分析法研究了股指期货、现货市场流动性之间的联动效应。选择2010年5月-2016年7月沪深300指数及其股指期货的日度数据进行实证,单谱分析表明股市流动性的主周期比股指期货市场流动性长1个多月,但两者的次周期比较接近;交叉谱分析发现两类市场流动性在2015年9月前后存在结构性差异,周期同步性由弱变强,交互敏感性由双向变为单向且影响程度也有所增强,领滞时间明显缩短。可见,调控政策的出台对两类市场流动性之间的周期联动关系影响显著。     

英美国家公用事业监管机构研究及其对我国的启示

公用事业的私营化需要独立的监管机构来维护公共利益和消费者权益,英国和美国公用事业私营化的成功与监管机构的有效运作密不可分。本文总结了英美国家在电信、电力、天然气和水务行业四个有代表性的监管机构在组织立法、机构独立性、权力规范和监管监督方面的共性,以期对我国公用事业改革有所裨益。     

Leadership skills for regulators

Regulation plays a vital role in reducing harms and promoting public order. However, regulatory reform has been likened to painting the Sydney Harbour Bridge, it never ends. Coupling this reality with the increasing array of areas requiring regulation, there is an acute need for regulators to become more effective in how they work. We discuss the leadership skills needed to ensure regulators consistently contribute to the creation of public value.

Points for practitioners

• Regulators can be more effective when they appreciate their authorising environment and the factors which make that environment dynamic.
• Careful calibration of enforcement practices to the capabilities of those being regulated can reduce conflicts and improve outcomes.
• Regulators with good communication skills can do much to resolve apparently intractable disputes.

     

化瘀温经利湿法治疗慢性盆腔炎20例临床观察

目的观察化瘀温经利湿中药对慢性盆腔炎患者的疗效及对外周血CD4^＋CD25^＋CD127^lo调节性T细胞（regulative Tcells，Treg）的影响。方法将40例慢性盆腔炎患者按随机数字表法分为化瘀温经利湿中药治疗组20例和西药对照组20例，两组均以1个月为1个疗程，均治疗1个疗程，观察临床疗效及对症状出现率的影响；采用流式细胞术检测患者治疗前后外周血CD4^＋CD25^＋CD127^loTreg的数量及其在CD4^＋T淋巴细胞中所占的比例；并检测治疗前后血沉（erythrocyte sedimentation rate，ESR）和C反应蛋白（C—reactive peptide，CRP）水平。结果与对照组比较，治疗组总有效率和CD4^＋CD25^＋CD127^loTreg表达水平显著升高，ESR、CRP及症状出现率显著降低（P〈0．05）。结论化瘀温经利湿中药治疗慢性盆腔炎的作用机制，可能与其上调CD4^＋CD25^＋CD127^loTreg表达水平，促进免疫调节，降低炎症反应有关。