Biotic Carbon Sequestration and the Kyoto Protocol: The Construction of Global Knowledge by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

This paper explores the dynamics of the production of global knowledge by an international knowledge organization, in this case the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Based on previous notions of international boundary organizations, the idea of international knowledge organizations emphasizes the knowledge generation function of such organizations rather than their convening function. Using the case of controversial Kyoto Protocol biotic carbon sequestration policies, I argue that boundary work and uncertainty management are the essential dynamics in the successful construction of global knowledge by international knowledge organizations. This uncertainty management occurs in a manner broadly, although not completely, in conformance with the institutional preferences of powerful policy actors. Global knowledge can legitimate and help refine global policies, but the process of its construction must be iterative and transparent if it is to be credible for global environmental governance over the long-term.     

Morphological and spectroscopic measurements of plastic bags for the purpose of discrimination

The discrimination of noncolored transparent polyethylene bags was studied by several nondestructive and semidestructive analytical methods. X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, and optical microscopy (differential interference contrast microscopy and phase contrast microscopy) were applied to polyethylene films. X-ray diffraction was used to distinguish variations in the crystalline phase, infrared spectroscopy was used to distinguish variations in the molecular components, and optical microscopy was used to distinguish the different surface morphologies. The results show that X-ray diffraction classifies the crystalline phase of the film depending on whether it is made from low-density polyethylene, linear low-density polyethylene, or high-density polyethylene; that infrared spectroscopy is useful to distinguish the molecular components and it is the most discriminating technique; and that optical microscopy discriminate films easily by their morphological differences.     

X染色体STR单倍型DXS7424-DXS101遗传多态性

目的研究X染色体STR单倍型DXS7424-DXS101在汉族群体中的法医学特征及其分布特点。方法本实验应用PCR和聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳及银染技术对DXS7424和DXS101位点进行基因分型,利用相关统计方法进行数据分析。结果汉族151个男性样本中共检出37种单倍型,频率分布在0.0066～0.1391,GD值为0.9453,DP值达到0.9389,最常见单倍型为16-23。结论DXS7424-DXS101作为单倍型分析在汉族群体中具有较高的个体识别率和非父排除率,在法医学特殊亲权鉴定中具有良好的应用前景。     

5个STR基因座的遗传多态性及其法医学应用

目的获得D11S4951、D11S4957、GATA193H05、D2S2951、D6S2421基因座的群体遗传学数据,并分析其在法医学中的应用价值。方法随机抽取成都地区汉族群体无血缘关系个体的静脉血,EDTA抗凝,用Chelex-100法提取DNA,应用PCR技术,扩增上述5个短串联重复序列基因座,聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直板电泳分型。结果5个基因座在中国成都汉族人群中分别发现了7、10、8、6、8个等位基因,5个基因座的基因型分布符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡(P>0.05)。各基因座的杂合度分别为0.743、0.772、0.833、0.650和0.800;非父排除概率分别为0.497、0.549、0.662、0.356和0.599;个人识别几率分别为0.863、0.912、0.947、0.829和0.931。结论5个基因座在中国汉族群体中具有法医学应用价值。     

几种视觉诱发电位技术推断正常成人远视力的比较

目的比较研究几种图形视觉诱发电位技术对视力推断的价值。方法取正常眼40只,分别测试其图形翻转视觉诱发电位、黑白条栅扫描视觉诱发电位和红黑条栅扫描视觉诱发电位,据此推算实验视力,分别与真实视力进行比较,同时各种方法进行彼此比较。结果黑白条栅扫描视觉诱发电位和红黑条栅扫描视觉诱发电位较之图形翻转视觉诱发电位能更为准确、方便、快捷地反映真实视力水平。结论黑白条栅扫描视觉诱发电位和红黑条栅扫描视觉诱发电位与图形翻转视觉诱发电位一样,可用于眼外伤的法医学鉴定。     

Searching for the origin of Romanies: Slovakian Romani, Jats of Haryana and Jat Sikhs Y-STR data in comparison with different Romani populations

Haplotype frequencies for 11 Y-STR markers (DYS19, DYS389I, DYS389II, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393, DYS385, DYS437, DYS438 and DYS439) in a Romani population (n=63) from Slovakia, Jats of Haryana (n=84) and Jat Sikhs (n=80) from India were determined. The Slovakian Romani, the Haryana and Sikh populations were endogamous based on their unique haplotype ratio and haplotype diversity values, although the Sikh population appeared to be more diverse. AMOVA revealed non-significant differences between the Romanies and significant differences with non-Romani populations. The Macedonian Romani population differed from all Romani populations examined. Frequent haplotypes observed in Romani populations were sporadic in northwest Indian populations. Thirteen out of 316 populations worldwide were found to share the six most frequent haplotypes of the Slovakian Romanies when the screening conditions were narrowed based on the population size to be over 40, the occurrence of the haplotypes was more than one and the sum frequencies of the most frequent haplotypes was at least 0.02. The most common haplotypes were also observed in other Romani groups. When searching with two Indian (Malbar and Malaysian Indian) most frequent haplotypes under the same conditions matches could be detected in all Romani populations except for the Macedonian Romanies. The search with the Jat Sikhs and Jats of Haryana most frequent haplotypes resulted no matches in Romani populations.     

Identification of human semenogelin in membrane strip test as an alternative method for the detection of semen

Semenogelin (Sg), a protein originating in the seminal vesicles and a substrate for prostate specific antigen (PSA or p30), is a useful marker for the identification of semen. And detection of Sg has been available commercially in a membrane test recently. PSA is commonly used to detect semen in forensic significant samples taken from sexual assault cases. The strip PSA test has been available commercially from various manufacturers for many years. In this study, we evaluated two immunochromatographic membrane tests, one for Sg and the other for PSA by analyzing human semen, other human bodily fluids/materials including urine, blood, saliva, sweat, breast milk, vaginal secretion and fecal materials, semen from various animals and forensic casework samples. The data demonstrate that both Sg and PSA strip tests provide rapid and sensitive method for identification of seminal plasma. These results show that the immunochromatographic method for Sg detection is useful for the identification of seminal plasma in forensic samples, an alternative to the method for PSA detection.     

Within and beyond citizenship: alternative educational initiatives in the Arab society in Israel

In recent years, Arab-Palestinian citizens in Israel are in search of ‘a new vocabulary of citizenship’, among other ways, by resorting to ‘alternative educational initiatives’. We investigate and compare three alternative schools, each challenging the contested conception of Israeli citizenship. Our findings reveal different educational strategies to become ‘claimants of rights’, yet all initiatives demonstrate the constraints Arab citizens face while trying to become ‘activist citizens’ (E.F. Isin, 2009. Citizenship in flux: the figure of the activist citizen. Subjectivity, 29 (1), 367–388.).     

我国社会组织政策参与及其制度分析

在现代社会,以社会组织为载体的参与是比公民个人直接参与更为合理有效的政策参与途径。由于我国社会组织自身能力有限以及制度空间的挤压,目前其对于政策的影响只起有限的作用。当前我国社会组织政策参与主要存在政策参与率较低、政策参与内容的非政治化和途径的非制度化等问题。针对导致社会组织政策影响力低的制度因素,政府应为社会组织的发展创造能促型的法律、制度与政策环境,即构建"分类管理、项目引导、行为监管"的新管理模式、制定出台社会组织基本法以及进一步转变政府职能、拓宽社会组织政策参与的渠道等。     

政府管理创新若干问题的思考

本文从整体创新与局部推进、制度约束与实践先行、顶层设计与地方首创、理论突破与摸石头过河、模式借鉴与变通改进、创新动力与利益追求、革故鼎新与路径依赖七个方面探讨了中国政府管理改革和创新面临的一些主要问题,认为对这些问题的认识影响着中国政府管理改革和创新的未来走向和发展。