网络监督的公共政治属性与建设路径

网络监督的兴起有现实需求、技术支持和制度政策基础。在社会转型期,面对腐败的高发和多变,以网络监督为核心生成的腐败治理意愿正是现阶段社会公众的政治需求。但是,网络监督对腐败治理具有双重效应。因此,为有效治理腐败,优化网络监督,要抑制其负面效应,强化网络监督的公共政治属性,培育网络主体理性参与精神;要激励实名举报,建立实名举报保护机制;要优化官民合作机制,建立腐败线索收集、整理和反馈机制。     

仲裁条款对第三人的效力

仲裁条款对第三人的效力,是指第三人享受仲裁条款中规定的权利以及承担条款赋予的义务。仲裁条款对第三人效力涉及到实质本人、代理或受托、转让、合并与分立、继承、关联方与关联协议等情形。     

UNSTRUCTURED SOCIALIZING AND RATES OF DELINQUENCY

This article applies an individual-level routine activities perspective to explaining rates of delinquency. The theoretical analysis also links the opportunity processes of that perspective to key themes of social disorganization theory. Multilevel analyses of 4, 358 eighth-grade students from thirty-six schools in ten cities support the central hypothesis: Time spent in unstructured socializing with peers has both individual and contextual effects that explain a large share of the variation in rates of delinquency across groups of adolescents who attend different schools. In addition, parental monitoring has a very strong contextual effect on unstructured socializing, which supports the proposed integration of routine activity and social disorganization perspectives.     

INCOME INEQUALITY,RACE, AND PLACE: DOES THE DISTRIBUTION OF RACE AND CLASS WITHIN NEIGHBORHOODS AFFECT CRIME RATES?*

This study tests the effects of neighborhood inequality and heterogeneity on crime rates. The results of this study, which were obtained by using a large sample of census tracts in 19 cities in 2000, provide strong evidence of the importance of racial/ethnic heterogeneity for the amount of all types of crime generally committed by strangers, even controlling for the effects of income inequality. Consistent with predictions of several theories, greater overall inequality in the tract was associated with higher crime rates, particularly for violent types of crime. Strong evidence revealed that within racial/ethnic group inequality increases crime rates: Only the relative deprivation model predicted this association. An illuminating finding is that the effect of tract poverty on robbery and murder becomes nonsignificant when the level of income inequality is taken into account; this finding suggests that past studies that failed to take income inequality into account may have inappropriately attributed causal importance to poverty. This large sample also provides evidence that it is the presence of homeowners, rather than residential stability (as measured by the average length of residence), that significantly reduces the level of crime in neighborhoods.     

提高工具痕迹实验课效果的思考

教师要根据工具痕迹学实验课的目的,注重加强学生动手操作能力,注重实验课内容的创新,在传统工具痕迹实验方法的基础上,提高教学效果。     

马来西亚的马来人教育：发展与影响

本文试图从马来人的角度,探讨马来西亚族群教育及其对社会发展的影响,分析马来西亚政府的马来人教育政策,包括教育马来化、高等教育优先、财政支持等,分析马来人普及教育和高等教育的发展,以及教育发展对马来人职业和收入的影响。本文认为,马来人教育发展及随之而至的相对畅通的社会流动机制,在某种程度上有利于各族群和睦相处和社会稳定发展,如果政府在教育资源的分配上,能公平对待其他族群,族群之间的关系将更融合,社会发展也将更稳定。     

附保护第三人作用合同研究——兼论建设工程施工合同对第三人效力的法理依据

为了加强对第三人的法律救济,德国判例创设了附保护第三人作用合同。根据该制度产生和发展的原因及其在德国法上的价值,并结合我国现行法与最高人民法院扩张了建筑工程施工合同对第三人的效力,我国目前应当有选择地引进该制度,通过合理地限制第三人的范围,从而完善保护第三人的法律制度。     

票据变造若干问题解析

票据变造作为票据实践中的突出现象 ,客观上要求对其构成要件、法律效果和付款责任加以清楚的界定。本文通过学说考辨和实务分析 ,明确提出票据变造之二构成要件说 ,并据此详细论述了票据变造的积极效果和消极效果 ,票据变造之付款与损失之负担等相关问题     

Participatory effects of regional authority: decentralisation and political participation in comparative perspective

This article studies political participation in the context of decentralisation in Europe. Recent secession attempts demonstrate how the demand for decentralisation energises citizens. Yet the fact that decentralised institutions, initially, were endorsed to increase citizens’ participation is often neglected. In order to test this contention empirically, three theoretically informed arguments are developed, making use of the most recent data on regional authority for 282 regions in 20 European countries. Results of three-level hierarchical models lend support to the arguments. Regional self-rule increases probabilities to engage only in more demanding and less common forms of participation. It also acts as a political opportunity structure, moderating the influence of individual driving forces of participation. Participatory effects on protest activity, however, turn out to be endogenous, as the instrumental variable analysis indicates that decentralisation does not increase protest, but rather the reverse. These findings seem relevant to the current heated debates both on secession attempts and waning political involvement.     

Context Effects in Forensic Entomology and Use of Sequential Unmasking in Casework

Context effects are pervasive in forensic science, and are being recognized by a growing number of disciplines as a threat to objectivity. Cognitive processes can be affected by extraneous context information, and many proactive scientists are therefore introducing context‐minimizing systems into their laboratories. Forensic entomologists are also subject to context effects, both in the processes they undertake (e.g., evidence collection) and decisions they make (e.g., whether an invertebrate taxon is found in a certain geographic area). We stratify the risk of bias into low, medium, and high for the decisions and processes undertaken by forensic entomologists, and propose that knowledge of the time the deceased was last seen alive is the most potentially biasing piece of information for forensic entomologists. Sequential unmasking is identified as the best system for minimizing context information, illustrated with the results of a casework trial (n = 19) using this approach in Victoria, Australia.