司法实践中处理单位犯罪之惑简

现行刑事立法关于单位犯罪的规定相对抽象，导致相关单位犯罪的犯罪认定、入罪标准、刑事处罚在理论上存有争议，由此给司法实践带来颇多困扰。运用比较分析的方法，结合司法实践中的具体问题，从单位犯罪的认定、入罪标准的统一、对相关责任人员刑事责任的处理等三个方面予以具体阐述，明晰单位犯罪的相关问题。     

An Intermediate Sanction That Fosters the Mother-Child Bond

Abstract

Summit House is a residential alternative-to-incarceration program in North Carolina that operates in a home-like setting for female offenders and their children; the Program is designated an intermediate sanction. The Program has been recognized by experts in the field as a national model. And, in 1996 and 1998 respectively, it received two national awards-The President's Service Award and The Improvement of Justice Award. Despite national recognition and honor, however, little is known about the process by which the Program assists women in their role as mothers. This paper provides a process evaluation of the Summit House Program. To assess the Program, I reviewed an array of documents (e.g., resident manuals, incident reports, individualized treatment plans) and conducted a total of 44 interviews with administrators, staff, and clients. These individual face-to-face interviews took place in a private setting and averaged an hour in duration. Based on this information, I explain how the Program assists residents in building competency in the relationships they have with their children. The Program's strengths and weaknesses are highlighted and recommendations are offered for improvement.     

浅析我国的无效婚姻制度

无效婚姻与可撤销婚姻的界限不明,无效婚姻的范围过宽和可撤销婚姻的范围过窄,婚姻无效时对善意当事人保护的力度不够,是我国对无效婚姻立法的三大缺陷。兼顾制裁与救济,扩大撤销婚姻的范围,减少无效婚姻的种类,完善无效婚姻的法律后果和保护无效婚姻子女权益,进一步完善我国的无效婚姻制度。     

社区矫正概念的多维思考与选择

对于社区矫正的概念,学界存在着不同的观点和看法,归纳起来主要有行刑说、救助监督说、处遇说、混合说、教育说等。这些概念,均或多或少地影响着我国的社区矫正试点工作。社区矫正有狭义和广义之分,我国的社区矫正应是广义的社区矫正,是指将符合社区矫正条件的人员置于社区矫正机构内,由专门的国家机关,在相关社会团体和民间组织以及社会志愿者的协助下,在判决、裁定或决定的期限内,矫正其犯罪心理和行为恶习,并促进其再社会化的活动。在这里,社区矫正是一个“社区制裁”的性质,而不是单纯的“社区刑罚”,它只对其中一部分矫正对象(罪犯)具有社区刑罚性质。社区矫正是一项独立的工作手段。其工作内容是对矫正对象的执行刑罚、监督管理、矫正教育、危机干预、社会救助等。     

论民事诉讼中的证明妨碍

我国现有司法解释虽然规定了对证明妨碍行为的制裁,但其法理基础尚臻完善.合理的证明妨碍制度应当是:法官将证明妨碍作为当事人间公平的问题予以综合考虑,通过适用诚实信用原则和案件事实解明协力义务,结合其他证据,综合考量妨碍的性质、主观形态、实施的方式、可归责的程度以及被妨碍证据可证明待证事实的程度,在给予当事人充分程序保障的基础上,采取自由裁量方式对事实作出认定,从而实现对证明妨碍行为的制裁.     

公告违法行为之合理定位

公告违法行为是行政处罚机关针对违法情节严重而又不改正或停止违法行为所采取的一种行政措施。公告违法行为既不是一种行政处罚 ,也不是对行政处罚的执行 ,还非一般行政信息公开 ,而是强迫行政相对人履行责令停止或改正违法行为义务的一种执行手段。公告违法行为应当以责令停止或改正违法行为决定为前提 ,且要处理好行政效果、公众了解权与行政相对人权益之间的适度关系。应当完善公告违法行为的适用条件及其程序 ,并赋予行政相对人请求法律救济的权利     

以程序性制裁弥补实体性制裁之不足

为了抑制刑讯逼供的发生,我国确立了包括追究刑事责任、处以行政处分、判令承担民事赔偿责任等在内的多种直接对刑讯者本人进行实体性处罚的制裁措施。现阶段,众多因素限制了这些实体制裁措施效用的有效发挥。其中部分因素虽然在理论上可以通过诉讼制度变革予以消除,但是这些变革都较为重大,何时实现乃至能否实现都还是个问题,而部分因素则不可能通过制度变革予以消除。我国有必要建立和完善程序性裁判机制,使最高人民法院司法解释所确立的程序性制裁能发挥效用,并与实体性制裁互相配合,以抑制刑讯的发生。     

TOWARD A BIFURCATED THEORY OF EMOTIONAL DETERRENCE

Since Hobbes (1957 [1651] and Beccaria (1963 [1764]), scholars have theorized that the emotion of fear is critical for deterrence. Nevertheless, contemporary deterrence researchers have mostly overlooked the distinction between perceived sanction risk and fear of apprehension. Whereas perceived risk is a cognitive judgment, fear involves visceral feelings of anxiety or dread. Equally important, a theory explicating the influence of deterrence on both criminal propensity and situational offending has remained elusive. We develop a theoretical model in which perceived risk and fear are distinguished at both the general and situational levels. We test this theoretical model with data from a set of survey‐based experiments conducted in 2016 with a nationwide sample of adults (N = 965). We find that perceived risk and fear are empirically distinct and that perceived risk is positively related to fear at both the general and situational levels. Certain background and situational factors have indirect effects through perceived risk on fear. In turn, perceived risk has indirect effects through fear on both criminal propensity and situational intentions to offend. Fear's inclusion increases explanatory power for both criminal propensity and situational offending intentions. Fear is a stronger predictor than either self‐control or prior offending of situational intentions to offend.     

论商业诽谤行为及其民事法律制裁

商业诽谤行为是一种公开对特定商事主体及其财产或财产的品质等进行诋毁 ,造成其经济利益损害的行为。对于商业诽谤行为 ,我国仅仅通过《刑法》和《反不正当竞争法》对其进行禁止 ,具有一定的不完善性。只有立足于《民法通则》 ,对商业诽谤行为予以民事法律制裁 ,才能够全面完善对商事主体的保护 ,维护正常的商业交易秩序。     

死刑核准权力回收的价值评析

死刑核准权的回收不仅仅是权力行使主体的变更,更体现出了我国法制统一的价值目标。通过回收死刑核准权,提升了我国司法特别是最高法院的司法权威;加快了我国刑事诉讼人权保障的前进步伐;实现逐步消减死刑适用比例的目标。