Language choice and national development: A typology for Africa

The choice of an official language of politics and administration for African states is a good focal point from which to view other aspects of politics. A typology of language choice, based on whether the polity is linguistically homogeneous or heterogeneous; and on whether an indigenous or a non‐indigenous language is official, discriminates among four different language structures. Vignettes of language policy in Tanzania, Kenya, Senegal and Ethiopia elucidate each language structure.

Data is presented to show that different political tasks are associated with different language choices, and that the differential ramifications of language situation, for limiting group demands, inducing social mobilization and managing international dependency are, depending on language situation, important.     

语篇分析在司法语境中的应用

法律语篇分析是从法学语言的视角研究与法学有关的种种语言现象,并运用语篇学的研究方法分析法学语言,包括立法语言、司法语言、法律科学语言、法学翻译以及法学古文等一切有关法律规则和法学研究的口语和书面语。司法语境中的语篇分析,是从微观的角度分析司法人员、律师和涉案当事人的各种语言现象,旨在解决司法过程中的语言证据收集、话语标记识别、语言环境分析、控辩双方对同一语言证据材料的不同理解可能导致不同审判结果等可能存在的一系列问题,促使我国司法实践部门对法律语言的更多关注,以拓宽我国法学语言界的研究视野,进一步提高工作效率。     

世界性的政府改革浪潮与公共教育重建运动——国外公立学校改革背景探讨

教育的发展不仅取决于经济和技术的投入,还与基本的制度环境以及在这种制度环境中的政府作用发挥有关。近年来许多国家都在对政府职能进行检讨和反思,试图打破对政府的盲信,建立适应后工业社会和信息时代的后科层制行政模式,这一改革已成为全球性的现象,并形成了不同取向的改革思潮和改革模式。世界范围内发生的公共教育重建运动可以看成是上述政府职能改革的直接反映。这场运动强调学校自主权和家长、学生的选择权,试图通过某种市场化、民营化的形式,来打破公共教育的政府垄断,最终改善公共教育的绩效。     

试论诚实信用原则在公法域的适用

诚实信用原则本为一私法原则,但自20世纪30年代以来,该原则出现了从私法领域向公法领域扩展的现象。文章主要探讨诚信原则在公法领域适用的法理基础,以及从诚信原则本身的局限、诚信原则适用的特定语境和公法领域的特性出发,探讨该原则在公法领域适用的限制。     

A Perspective on Errors,Bias, and Interpretation in the Forensic Sciences and Direction for Continuing Advancement*

Abstract: The forensic sciences are under review more so than ever before. Such review is necessary and healthy and should be a continuous process. It identifies areas for improvement in quality practices and services. The issues surrounding error, i.e., measurement error, human error, contextual bias, and confirmatory bias, and interpretation are discussed. Infrastructure is already in place to support reliability. However, more definition and clarity of terms and interpretation would facilitate communication and understanding. Material improvement across the disciplines should be sought through national programs in education and training, focused on science, the scientific method, statistics, and ethics. To provide direction for advancing the forensic sciences a list of recommendations ranging from further documentation to new research and validation to education and to accreditation is provided for consideration. The list is a starting point for discussion that could foster further thought and input in developing an overarching strategic plan for enhancing the forensic sciences.     

“共性”还是“特性”？——组织情境下的延迟满足研究述评

组织情境下的延迟满足研究,主要关注在组织这一特定工作背景下,员工甘为更有价值的长远结果而放弃即时满足的抉择取向,以及在等待中展示的自制能力。一直以来,西方学者职业道德视角的研究与中国学者职业发展视角的研究,从概念界定到测量方法都有较大分别,而目前,这种差别并没有得到足够重视。未来对于组织情境下的延迟满足研究,应更加重视中西方研究的差别和联系、理清核心概念和结构、深入探讨研究方法,并进一步开发其管理价值。     

Introduction: the politics of public justification

ABSTRACT

Introducing the special issue, this introduction sketches a broad frame for studying public justification. Addressing the relevance of studying this phenomenon, we contend that justificatory processes are very much at the core today’s politics. Defining the concept inclusively, we highlight the relevance of communicative agency and, at the same time, the salience of communicative contexts that enable this agency. Casting our net widely, we show how public justification is related to other, more thoroughly studied concepts, such as legitimacy, authority and power. Encouraging students of public justification to add to our understanding of justificatory processes, we highlight multiple fruitful methodological avenues for studying the concept.     

新建职业技术学院师资队伍建设之我见

师资队伍建设是新建职业技术学院最为突出的一个问题,本文就如何建立一支师德高尚,教育观念新,创新意识强,教学水平高,实践能力好,智能与素质结构合理的专兼职“双师素质型”教师队伍,提出解决的对策和措施。     

If Violence Is Domestic, Does It Really Count?

Estimates of the prevalence of marital violence have been found to vary dramatically from survey to survey. This paper addresses one potential explanation for this difference which involves the focus and format of different surveys. We examine the extent to which survey respondents are willing to report marital violence in a context which focuses on criminal behaviors as opposed to a family violence context. In a very basic way, this answers a question as to whether individuals are willing to define acts of marital violence as criminal. Methodologically, it is a measurement issue which seriously affects the ability to compare findings across samples. National Youth Survey data are used to compare rates of generalized spousal assault and victimization reported in a crime context with rates of marital assault and victimization reported in a family violence context. Results indicate that 40 to 83% of all marital assaults and victimizations reported in the marital violence section are not reported in a format which focuses on criminal assault and victimization.     

Exploring the Social Context of Instrumental and Expressive Homicides: An Application of Qualitative Comparative Analysis

Using data from the UCR's Supplementary Homicide Reports, the methodof qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) is used to examine whetherinstrumental and expressive homicides are similar or unique in their socialcontext (i.e., combinations of offender, victim, and situationalcharacteristics). Instrumental and expressive homicides are found to haveboth common and unique social contexts, but the vast majority of homicideincidents involve combinations of individual and situational factors thatare common in both general types of homicides. Among subtypes ofinstrumental (like rape, prostitution, robbery murders) and expressivehomicides (like lovers' triangles, brawls, and arguments), there iswide variability in their prevalence of unique and common components. Afterdiscussing these results, the paper concludes with illustrations of how QCAmay be used in other areas within criminology.