化痰祛瘀法治疗肝豆状核变性认知功能障碍21例

目的 观察化痰祛瘀法治疗肝豆状核变性(hepatolenticular degeneration,HLD)认知功能障碍的疗效。方法 将42例认知功能障碍的HLD患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,对照组采用常规疗法治疗,治疗组在常规疗法的基础上加用肝豆灵片,治疗前及治疗12周后,分别采用简易精神状态检查（mini-mental state examination, MMSE）量表和蒙特利尔认知评估（montreal cognitive assessment,MoCA）量表评价两组患者的认知功能。结果 与治疗前比较,两组治疗后MMSE总分及MoCA总分均显著升高（P<0.01）;治疗组在升高MMSE总分和MoCA总分方面显著优于对照组（P<0.01）。结论 化痰祛瘀法在改善HLD患者认知功能方面具有一定的疗效。     

痕迹检验学成绩评定方式方法改革构想

成绩评定的方式方法对于教学质量有着重要的影响,充分发挥成绩评定的评价作用和导向作用,是提高教学质量、提高学员素质的重要途径之一。笔者通过对以往成绩评定方式方法的反思,借鉴其他学科的经验,提出了本课程成绩评定改革的初步方案。     

Research on detection techniques for pattern modifications of playing cards used in illegal gambling operations

We investigated pattern-modified marked cards used in fraudulent gambling cases in Korea. These cards are printed with modifications to some of the repeated marks on the back, revealing the hand on the front and enabling fraudsters to deceive their victims. We proposed a method for identifying the modified part by first enhancing the card's color difference using an image processing technique and then calculating the similarity between the repeated basic patterns with a Siamese network. This method is fast and convenient, as it can determine the deformation with only 1 or 2 cards and can be implemented in mobile applications, allowing law enforcement officers to investigate quickly. The proposed method serves as a useful tool to aid document examiners in making judgments, as it does not require expensive equipment and effectively visualizes the alterations.     

Prepared Disappearing Ink and Deciphering of Documents

Disappearing inks can be used for forgeries in many fields. In this study, thymolphthalein indicator solution was prepared as a disappearing ink. A total of 54 different solutions containing thymolphthalein were prepared at six different concentrations and nine different pH values. Among the prepared solutions, 0.16 g/50 mL and 0.32 g/65 mL thymolphthalein at pH 14 were the optimum solutions that were not distinguishable from regular ink when applied to promissory note. Fountain pens were filled with the abovementioned ink solutions and applied to promissory notes for experimental purposes. After 40 h, ink residues were not visible on promissory notes written with the ink with the optimum pH (pH = 14) value. To decipher the entries that disappeared, an instrumental method (Video Spectral Comparator‐8000) and a chemical method (using NH₃ vapor) were used, succeeded at 0.32 g/65 mL, but failed at 0.16 g/50 mL thymolphthalein. Therefore, NH₃ had to be sprayed for 0.16 g/50 mL with negligible harm.     

统一司法考试二题

统一的法律职业资格考试的意义在于养成法官、检察官、律师三种职业之间内在共同性和职业共同体的意识及其统一整个国家范围内的法律准则。为实现这一制度的预期效果 ,司法考试的内容应重基本的法律理论与技术 ,并且有相当难度 ;报考者最低应有法律专业本科学历 ;考试方法既经济可行又能科学检测应考者的法律专业知识及应用能力 ;而且有必要建立考试之后的司法研修制度。     

日本司法考试制度的基本理念与主要特点

日本现行司法考试制度确立于第二次世界大战后 ,并吸收了二战以前的考试经验。通过统一的司法考试选拔法官、检察官、律师 ,并要求通过司法考试合格人员参加统一的司法培训 ,从而保证了法律职业人员的资质 ,并形成了一个法律解释共同体。     

锁具市场的状况及锁痕检验工作

锁具市场的状况与锁痕检验息息相关。由于锁具需求量的提高,而部分锁的内部结构达不到行业标准,使得劣质锁在市场上大量出售,同时犯罪分子的开破锁技术也越来越高,涉及锁痕的案件上升。本文从锁具市场状况着手,对锁痕检验工作中的问题进行了分析并提出了相应的对策。     

An examination of handwritten signatures forged using photosensitive signature stamp

Signature examination is the most common examination performed by any document examiner. Determination of the authenticity of a handwritten signature on a questioned document is an important task for forensic document examiners in the forensic science field. As a result of continuous developments in technology, a signature stamp can now be created using a photosensitive seal to enable the reproduction of a handwritten signature. These stamps are commonly used in China and several other countries. In this study, 10 types of black photosensitive stamp-pad ink, 10 brands of fountain pen ink, 15 types of black gel ink and six types of black erasable gel ink found on the Chinese domestic market were collected and 10 photosensitive signature stamps were created using the signatures of 10 people. Microscopic analysis, infrared (IR) and fluorescence analyses and microspectrophotometry (MSP) techniques were used to examine the resulting photosensitive signature stamp impressions when applied to printing papers, writing papers and invoice papers. By comparing the printing and spectral characteristics of the photosensitive signature stamp impressions with those of the signatures executed using the fountain pens, gel pens and erasable gel pens, it was possible to determine whether each signature was written or stamped using a photosensitive signature stamp. To validate these results, a 96.7% absolute accuracy and a 99.3% detection rate were achieved over a total of 150 blind tests conducted by five forensic document examiners, thus demonstrating that a combination of the four analysis methods used in this work can provide a more scientific approach and improve the accuracy and the detection rate of the examination process.

KEY POINTS

• A signature stamp is a photosensitive seal made in the style of a handwritten signature.
• Although microscopic analysis can usually provide better examination results, a comprehensive examination method that includes microscopic analysis and ink composition analysis is required to improve the accuracy and the detection rate of the examination process.
• This study collected and tested photosensitive stamp-pad inks, fountain pen inks, gel inks and erasable inks.
• Infrared and fluorescence analyses and microspectrophotometry were able to distinguish the photosensitive ink from both erasable ink and fountain pen ink.

Supplemental data for this article are available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/20961790.2021.1898755.     

科举制对台湾社会的影响

科举制是中国历史上延续最久、影响最大的文官任用考试制度。尽管科举制有许多弊病,但却提供了底层社会精英经由读书进入官场的机会,在一定程度上扩大了封建王朝的统治基础,破除了原由豪门士族把持国家政权的局面,这对中国历代政治、经济、文化、教育与社会风气,产生了久远的影响。科举制是中华政治文化中重要的一环,曾对人类政治文明的演进做出过重要贡献。科举制直接催生了不论门第的士大夫阶级的形成,间接衍生了台湾自清朝中叶进入文治阶段。在现代社会,科举精神仍在一定程度上影响着台湾社会的发展。     

Cognitive biases in the peer review of bullet and cartridge case comparison casework: A field study

ObjectiveForensic judgments and their peer review are often the result of human assessment and are thus subjective and prone to bias. This study examined whether bias affects forensic peer review.HypothesesWe hypothesized that the probability of disagreement between two forensic examiners about the proposed conclusion would be higher with “blind” peer review (reviewer saw only the first examiner’s comparison photos) than with “non-blind” peer review (reviewer also saw the first examiner’s interpretation and proposed conclusion). We also hypothesized that examiners with a higher perceived professional status would have a larger effect on the reported conclusion than examiners with a lower status.MethodWe acquired data during a non-blind and a blind peer review procedure in a naturalistic, covert study with eight examiners (3–26 years of experience). We acquired 97 conclusions of bullet and cartridge case comparisons in the blind and 471 in the non-blind peer review procedure.ResultsThe odds of disagreement between examiners about the evidential strength of a comparison were approximately five times larger (95%-CI [3.06, 8.50]) in the blind than in the non-blind procedure, with disagreement about 42.3% and 12.5% of the proposed conclusions, respectively. Also, the odds that their proposed conclusion was reported as the final conclusion were approximately 2.5 higher for the higher-status examiners than for lower-status examiners.ConclusionsOur results support both the hypothesis that bias occurs during non-blind forensic peer review and the hypothesis that higher-status examiners determine the outcome of a discussion more than lower-status examiners. We conclude that blind peer review may reduce the probability of bias and that status effects have an impact on the peer reviewing process.