Detection of Gunshot Primer Residue on Bone in an Experimental Setting—An Unexpected Finding*

Abstract: Pork ribs with intact muscle tissue were used in an experimental attempt to identify bullet wipe on bone at distances from 1 to 6 feet with 0.45 caliber, full metal jacket ammunition. This resulted in the unexpected finding of primer‐derived gunshot residue (GSR) deep within the wound tract. Of significance is the fact that the GSR was deposited on the bone, under the periosteum, after the bullet passed through a Ziploc^® bag and c. 1 inch of muscle tissue. It is also important to note that the GSR persisted on the bone after the periosteum was forcibly removed. The presence of primer‐derived GSR on bone provides the potential to differentiate gunshot trauma from blunt trauma when the bone presents an atypical gunshot wound. In this study, the presence of gunshot primer residue at a distance of 6 feet demonstrates the potential for establishing maximum gun‐to‐target distance for remote shootings.     

The Development and Evaluation of Radiological Decontamination Procedures for Documents,Document Inks,and Latent Fingermarks on Porous Surfaces*†

Abstract: Criminal acts such as an attack utilizing a radiological dispersal device (RDD or dirty bomb), the manufacture of such a device, or the illicit trafficking of radioactive materials would warrant a criminal investigation. This could involve the collection, transportation, and analysis of radiologically contaminated trace evidence. But are law enforcement agencies and forensic scientists capable of dealing with this? This research investigates the decontamination efficacy of two decontamination techniques (chemical and physical) designed for the removal of radiological material from documents of forensic importance. The impact that these procedures have on the development of latent fingermarks and the forensic analysis of the inks on these documents is also studied. It was found that slight changes in the color and chemical composition of a variety of document inks and a destruction of fingermark ridges occurred after chemical decontamination. Physical decontamination had no impact on these parameters.     

非领导职务公务员考核量化管理模型构建及实现路径

目前,非领导职务公务员考核存在定性多、定量少,主观因素多、客观标准少等突出问题,缺乏一套科学、完整、民主参与、可操作性强的考核管理体系。因此,要解决考核的合理性与可行性之间的矛盾,就应当在科学理论指导下,运用先进的绩效考核方法,构建非领导职务公务员考核量化管理模型,积极探索切实可行的实现路径。     

进一步改革税务行政审批制度,防范税务执法风险

行政审批是我国税务机关实施税收管理的主要方式之一,也是产生税务执法风险的源头之一。作为行政审批制度的重要组成部分,税务行政审批制度的改革一直是摆在各级税务机关面前的一项重大而紧迫的课题。本文对税务行政审批制度中存在的问题进行了分析,并对进一步改革税务行政审批制度,防范税务执法风险提出了相关建议。     

双溶剂提取法判定印泥印文形成时间的初探

目的通过双溶剂提取法判定印泥印文的形成时间,为判定文件的真伪提供重要依据。方法选用6种不同品牌的印泥和4种纸张分别制作印泥印文的历时性样本,通过实验确定适用于双溶剂提取法判定印泥印文形成时间的弱提取剂和强提取剂;确定薄层扫描时狭缝的大小和扫描波长;绘制盖印时间与提取率的关系曲线。结果弱提取剂为50％的甲酸溶液,强提取剂为N,N-二甲基甲酰胺,狭缝大小为12．00mm×0．60mm,扫描波长为485nm,得到了盖印印文形成后半年内印泥提取率随印文形成时间变化的关系曲线。结论双溶剂提取法是判定印泥印文形成时间的一种有效方法。     

腐败血液中乙醇的顶空气相色谱分析

目的分析血液腐败后产生的乙醇及其他物质并探讨腐败血液中乙醇的检测及计算方法。方法以正常人空白血液制作腐败血样,采用1,4-二氧六环为内标物,通过顶空气相色谱进行定性及定量分析。结果血中乙醇在0.0625～1mg/mL范围内线性关系良好（r^2=0.9996）,各质量浓度组的变异系数（CV%）〈2%,血中乙醇的最低检出限为1μg/mL（S/N≥3）。腐败血样所产生乙醇与正丙醇的比例大致为25：1。结论检验方法简便、准确。为法医毒化检验相关工作提供了依据。     

论担保物权独立性与物权行为无因性的关系

大陆法系各主要国家不同的立法说明了担保物权独立性与物权行为无因性并不存在必然的关联,并且两者各自所抽象的原因不同。在形式审查主义下,物权行为无因性为物权登记公信力提供了支撑,并与担保物权独立性协力为担保物权登记公信力提供了制度上的支持。     

A Preliminary Study on Sources of Banding Artifacts for the Identification of Monochromatic Laser Printers,

The analysis of questioned documents printed with monochromatic toner has been a great challenge to document examiners. Banding artifacts, which are often perceived in the outputs of laser printers, could be a solution to the identification of printers. In this study, sources other than the gear transmission errors were discovered for some primary banding frequency components. By detecting the angular velocity variation of photosensitive drums and other rotating parts of the tested printers and comparing them with the banding signals extracted from the printouts, the authors located the sources of banding frequency components. It was shown that the sources of some primary and persistent banding signals, which were previously unknown, were traced to the periodic velocity variations of the motors or the timing belts. As inherent signatures, banding artifacts could be promising features for discriminating documents printed by individual laser printers.     

Wavelet Analysis of Resultant Velocity Belonging to Genuine and Forged Signatures

This study presents a wavelet analysis of resultant velocity features belonging to genuine and forged groups of signature sample. Signatures of individuals were initially classified based on visual human perceptions of their relative sizes, complexities, and legibilities of the genuine counterparts. Then, the resultant velocity was extracted and modeled through wavelet analysis from each sample. The wavelet signal was decomposed into several layers based on maximum overlap discrete wavelet transform (MODWT). Next, the zero crossing rate features were calculated from all the high wavelet sub‐bands. A total of seven hypotheses were then tested using a two‐way ANOVA testing methodology. Of these, four hypotheses were conducted to test for significance differences between distributions. In addition, three hypotheses were run to provide test for interaction between two factors of signature authentication versus perceived classification. The results demonstrated that both feature distributions belonging to genuine and forged groups of samples cannot be distinguished by themselves. Instead, they were significantly different under the influence of two other inherent factors, namely perceived size and legibility. Such new findings are useful information particularly in providing bases for forensic justifications in establishing the authenticity of handwritten signature specimens.     

实用新型专利质量提升之路探析

实用新型专利申请数量多年来保持持续稳定增长,但是其专利质量并没有随之提高。国内外业界人士对我国实用新型专利质量存在广泛质疑,如果再不采取有效措施提高实用新型专利质量,无论是对创新主体,还是对实用新型专利制度自身必将带来严重的伤害。通过分析发现我国实用新型专利质量目前存在的主要问题：实用新型专利立法的不完善、实用新型审查制度的缺陷和专利资助政策的错误导向,进而从实用新型专利制度的顶层设计、专利审查制度的完善、专利激励政策的正确制定和专利申请主体的法律规制四方面提出相应提高我国实用新型专利质量的对策。