SELF‐CONTROL THEORY AND THE CONCEPT OF OPPORTUNITY: THE CASE FOR A MORE SYSTEMATIC UNION*

The purpose of this study is to advance the idea that low self‐control—one of the strongest known predictors of crime—likely has effects that are conditional on the supply of criminal opportunities. Some scholars initially interpreted the theory to make this exact prediction, but Gottfredson and Hirschi (2003) have rejected this interpretation. They have insisted that the simplistic nature of most crimes ensures that opportunities are limitless and that variation in opportunity simply reflects variation in self‐control. We trace the history of this uncertain position of opportunity in self‐control theory and argue that it should play a significant role in the theory, even if Gottfredson and Hirschi did not originally envision this. Next, we draw on routine activities theory and applications of it to individual offending to offer a theoretical statement of how opportunity should be incorporated into self‐control theory. Last, using data from a national sample of juveniles, we test the arguments that have been made. The analysis suggests that the effects of low self‐control on delinquency partially depend on the availability of criminal opportunities, as indicated by the time juveniles spend with their friends or away from the supervision of their parents.     

关于党内开展批评与自我批评的思考

批评与自我批评是我们党优良传统之一 ,但在目前现实中 ,却常有一些扭曲变形。这主要是主观意识、人情关系 ,用人制度等原因造成的。为此 ,要强化思想意识 ,提供良好氛围 ,讲究方式方法 ,并建立起规范化的批评与自我批评制度。     

依托学生党建增强高校主流意识形态话语权的路径思考

本文分析了高校主流意识形态话语权面临的挑战以及高校主流意识形态建设中存在的问题,阐释了学生党建与高校主流意识形态话语权二者之间的关系,在此基础上提出应从筑牢信仰之基、提升话语说服力、增强主流话语队伍战斗力、掌握网络空间话语权等方面入手,依托学生党建牢牢掌握高校主流意识形态的话语权。     

《弟子规》对现代心理健康指导意义解读

《弟子规》不仅是一部幼童启蒙读物,同时也是一部具有心理健康指导意义的书籍。《弟子规》从正确处理人际关系、人与环境关系、自我定位等三方面提出了中肯建议,引导人们建立和谐的身心世界,不断完善自己的人格品行,最终达到臻善完美的圣贤境界。     

死亡的自我决定权与社会决定权——中日安乐死问题的比较研究

日本的安乐死研究重视患者的“自我决定权”，有轻视“经济负担”等外在社会利益因素的倾向。而我国恰恰与此相反，过于关注“社会医药资源的合理配置”等外在社会利益因素，缺乏对患者“自我决定权”这一内在因素的深入研究。其实，“自我决定”与“社会决定”分别是允许积极安乐死的必要条件而不是充分条件。用二选一的方法，舍弃其中的任何一个原理来建构安乐死合法论是行不通的。只有将“自我决定权”与“社会决定权”相结合，才能从刑法理论上顺利解决安乐死问题。只有当两者都符合时，积极安乐死才是合法的。     

Assessment of approximate likelihood ratios from continuous distributions: a case study of digital camera identification

A reported likelihood ratio for the value of evidence is very often a point estimate based on various types of reference data. When presented in court, such frequentist likelihood ratio gets a higher scientific value if it is accompanied by an error bound. This becomes particularly important when the magnitude of the likelihood ratio is modest and thus is giving less support for the forwarded proposition. Here, we investigate methods for error bound estimation for the specific case of digital camera identification. The underlying probability distributions are continuous and previously proposed models for those are used, but the derived methodology is otherwise general. Both asymptotic and resampling distributions are applied in combination with different types of point estimators. The results show that resampling is preferable for assessment based on asymptotic distributions. Further, assessment of parametric estimators is superior to evaluation of kernel estimators when background data are limited.     

让权利得到实现——民法典民事自助行为制度的立法设计

民事自助行为属私力救济的一种行为样态,是权利主体最直接、最为有效实现权利的方式。通过法的示范功能和指引作用对民事自助行为加以规范与引导,进而实现民事自助行为的制度化与规范化。区分民事自助行为在绝对权与相对权请求权救济体系中的运作方式,确定民事自助行为在民法典权利保护与实现制度中的逻辑定位。我国未来《民法典》应有倾向地借鉴国外民事立法相关制度的合理因素,采取一般化与类型化相结合的立法模式,构建具有可操作性的民事自助行为法律制度。     

Orwell and the Oligarchs: George Orwell Memorial Lecture, 26 November 2010

The unique quality of George Orwell's political journalism is to force us to examine not just the utterances of our opponents, but what we say ourselves, in particular how we deceive ourselves as well as deceiving others. What would Orwell diagnose as our major self‐deception if he were alive today? Orwell was much taken with James Burnham's 1941 bestseller The Managerial Society. He agreed with Burnham that the predominant drift in modern society was towards oligarchy, and not towards democracy as we like to flatter ourselves. Whether in business or politics, decisions today rest in fewer hands. Power is concentrated, not dispersed. As in Russia, the emerging system enables oligarchs to collar a disproportionate share of the rewards. Management becomes a self‐remunerating elite. Inequality of income increases sharply as a result. Oligarchy is a perversion of liberal capitalism and not a natural development of it. It can be reversed. The Coalition government has set out in a liberal and localist direction. It remains to be seen whether these promising signs will develop into a sustained and effective programme.     

CONSULTANT CONDUCT IN ANTICIPATION OF A CHILD CUSTODY EVALUATION: ETHICAL AND SOCIAL DILEMMAS AND THE NEED FOR NEUTRAL PARENT EDUCATION

Mental health professionals are being retained with increasing frequency as “custody consultants” to prepare a parent for a child custody evaluation. While this practice may serve a legitimate function, no ethical guidelines clearly govern the conduct of a consultant in such circumstances. This lack of guidance has led to professional disagreement regarding the ethical implications of the practice. This ethical ambiguity is accompanied by social concern regarding the high cost of custody consulting, which has the practical effect of denying consulting services to low‐income or self‐represented litigants. This Note will describe the growing practice of custody consulting and the ethical and social unease currently associated with the practice. This Note will then propose that mandatory parent education programs be developed for parents preparing to undergo a custody evaluation. This type of educational program would provide many of the benefits of custody consulting in an ethically neutral fashion and would ensure that all parents have access to the benefits of this growing practice.     

The Queer Jew: Gender,Sexuality and Jean-Paul Sartre's Anti-Antisemitism

In an attempt to understand the mechanisms that enable the perpetuation of racism, Judaken examines how antisemitic stereotypes can be reiterated in the discourse of those individuals most committed to the eradication of antisemitism. He argues that typologies - mythic images of collective identity - depend upon an associative logic. These associations are engendered in the construction of the Self (both individual and collective), by demarcating it-self from the Other(s), generally through tropes of gender, pathology and race. Judaken focuses on Jean-Paul Sartre's Anti-Semite and Jew,a text which Sartre called 'a declaration of war against antisemitic motifs', and argues that this unintended effect is the result of how Sartre conceptualizes both consciousness and the relation between the Self and Other in Being and Nothingness. This work of existential phenomenology, that sought radically to critique the western metaphysical tradition, nevertheless reinscribes dominant assumptions within western culture about gender and sexuality. Judaken shows how Sartre's re-citation of these assumptions fundamentally determines how he conceives of the relation between the antisemite and 'the Jew'. He concludes, however, by suggesting that imminent to Sartre's own position, there is an-other way of conceiving of the relation between Self and Other that might offer hope beyond the impasses of the western tradition's failures in embracing difference, singularity and particularity.