TWENTY‐FIRST CENTURY PINK OR BLUE: HOW SEX SELECTION TECHNOLOGY FACILITATES GENDERCIDE AND WHAT WE CAN DO ABOUT IT

In the midst of a genetic revolution in medicine, Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) has become a well‐established technique to help infertile women achieve pregnancy. But many women are now turning to ART not just to circumvent infertility, but consciously to shape their families by determining the sex of their children. Many patriarchal cultures have a gender preference for males and to date have used technological advances in reproductive medicine to predetermine the sex of the child being born. Women have sought sex‐selective abortions, where the pregnancy was being terminated solely on the basis of the sex of the unborn fetus. The combination of ART advances and gender preference has led to the disappearance of at least 100 million girls from the world's population leading to a mass gendercide. This article examines the societal impact of unbalanced gender ratios and the need to regulate sex selection to avoid nations of bachelors.     

Sex and ethnic differences in past aggressive behaviors

To investigate gender and ethnic differences in experiences of violence, 415 Black and White males and females were asked about some of their aggressive behaviors in the past. In their most aggressive encounters, males were more likely than females to have received and instigated physical violence and females to have experienced violence in a sexual context; same-sex aggression was more common than cross-sex violence. More males than females had urged or screamed at others to be more aggressive, with males more likely to incite other males and females to urge other females to be aggressive. Males were more likely than females to have last been angry with a male, and a number of sex differences were found in the behaviors exhibited when last angry. Although positive consequences of aggression did not differ significantly by sex, females were more likely to have experienced negative interpersonal effects of behaving aggressively and males to have suffered physical harm or legal troubles. Relatively few differences between Black and White subjects were found, but Black males were more likely than Whites to keep their anger to themselves and to get the target in trouble; White males were more likely to yell at the target and tell the target of their anger. White females were more likely than Blacks to get the target in trouble. In general, the results are consistent with sex role stereotypes and suggest that the experiences of aggression and responses to anger may be substantially different for males and females.     

中国企业职工养老保险制度转变前后性别利益的比较分析

2005年《国务院关于完善企业职工基本养老保险制度的决定》(简称《完善》)与1997年《国务院关于建立统一的企业职工基本养老保险制度的决定》(简称《统一》)比较,"统筹账户"和"个人账户"的筹资比例以及养老金支付办法发生了变化.本文主要分析这两项变化对女性养老金利益("养老金月收入"和"养老金收益率")以及男女两性养老金差距所发生的影响("月收入均值"、"总收入"和"养老金替代率").通过计算,我们发现,从《统一》到《完善》的转变,一方面使男女两性养老金利益都有所改善;另一方面,由于男性的改善速度高于女性,因此男女两性养老金差距有所扩大.     

Endless Sex: The Gender Recognition Act 2004 and the Persistence of a Legal Category

This paper challenges a view of the Gender Recognition Act 2004 as involving an unequivocal shift from the concept of sex to the concept of gender in law’s understanding of the distinction between male and female. While the Act does move in the direction of gender, and ostensibly in an obvious way through abandoning surgical preconditions for legal recognition, it will be argued that the Act retains and deploys the concept of sex. Moreover, it will be argued that the concept of sex retained is not merely an anatomical understanding, but sex in a biological sense. In this respect the Gender Recognition Act can be viewed as embodying a tension between gender and sex. Further, it is contended that this tension is explicable in terms of irresolution of contrary legal desires to reproduce the gender order and to insulate marriage and heterosexuality from homosexuality in the moment of reform.     

论我国婚内强奸犯罪的立法构建

婚内强奸是否构成犯罪是我国家庭暴力问题中长期争论的焦点.受我国国情、传统性观念的影响,界定婚内强奸罪应当慎重.对此,既要维护妇女的性权利,又要保障男性公民的同居权;既要具有理论上的依据,又要在实践中具有可操作性.特定期间的认定是婚内强奸罪的核心问题.     

Trade and the environment in North America

Environmental assessments of trade agreements remain in its infancy, and demonstrate that trade in itself will not green our economies. By examining various aspects of the environmental effects of trade in North America, this special issue not only contributes to deepening our understanding of the key issues in the trade and environment debate, but also helps to formulate mutually supportive trade and environmental policies.     

Cognitive limitations and affirmative action: The effects of aggregate versus sequential data in the perception of discrimination

The present experiment examined whether or not relatively simple cognitive and information-processing limitations may prevent us from recognizing instances of organizational discrimination. It was hypothesized that the perception of discrimination would be more difficult when the relevant information had been presented in a case-by-case basis rather than in aggregate format. The obtained results provided strong support for the original hypothesis. Subjects who had been presented with company data in aggregate format provided significantly higher ratings of discrimination than those subjects for whom the information had been presented in sequential form. The implications of these findings to the policy of affirmative action are also discussed.     

跨世纪军事记者的素质要求--从江永红军事新闻写作特色谈起

江永红是在改革开放中成长起来的我军新一代军事记者的优秀代表.他的军事新闻采写特色及追求奋斗的历程启示我们军事新闻工作者要有"识为体才为用"的智能结构、"若无新变,不能代雄"的创新精神、"风格也是人"的气质性格,以及怀抱荆山之玉、手握灵蛇之珠的学识修养,这是跨世纪军事新闻工作者走上成功之路的必备素质.     

论刑事照相中的取景构图

摄影构图是照片表现力的关键,要拍摄制作出一张符合要求的刑事照片,除技术上的高标准以外,在很大程度上还有赖于正确地运用摄影构图。在实际工作中,刑事照相中的摄影构图已引起了一定的重视,但还存在一些问题,笔者从刑事照相的特点、刑事照相的取景构图处理及技巧等几个方面作一些讨论。     

Sexing and stature estimation criteria for Balkan populations

Abstract:  Two standard measurements, maximum femur length and head diameter, were collected by International Criminal Tribunal (ICTY) anthropologists. Only Kosovans had both femur dimensions for both sexes. Antemortem stature data were available only for Kosovan and Croatian males. Despite these limitations, the data offer the opportunity to examine ethnic variation and to present sex and stature estimation criteria for these groups. Additional data from Croatians and from American Whites were used for comparison in certain parts of the analysis. Femur variation was considerable. Kosovans can be characterized as short and robust, Bosnians as tall and less robust, and Croatians are tall and gracile, resembling American Whites more than the other groups. Some limited antemortem data on stature was also available, allowing stature estimation equations to be estimated for Croatians and Kosovans. Antemortem stature estimates were obtained from interviews with relatives and are shown to overestimate actual stature. We argue that equations predicting height obtained from relatives is the most realistic in this case because that is the height to which an estimate obtained from bone lengths will be compared. Kosovans were also shown to have experienced slight secular increase in femur length over the past 70 years.