Gender differences in gang participation,delinquency, and substance use

The purpose of this paper is to respond to gaps in our knowledge about patterns of female gang participation and its causes and consequences. Data from the Rochester Youth Development Study, a panel study that overrepresents adolescents at high risk for delinquency, are used to compare gang participation and delinquent involvement of female and male adolescents. We then examine the role of theoretical variables associated with both female and male gang membership. The results lead us to conclude that, for females as well as males, involvement in gangs is associated with substantially increased levels of delinquency and substance use. There is also some similarity in the factors associated with gang membership for both sexes, although lack of school success emerges as a factor of particular salience for female adolescents. The results suggest that theory and intervention need to address the phenomenon of female gang membership as an important component of urban youth problems.Authors' names are listed in alphabetical order.     

论犯罪构成之主体要件不适格

刑事责任能力是指通过行为触犯刑法规范并承担刑事责任的资格。刑事责任能力内容包括犯罪能力和刑罚能 力。刑事责任能力是罪责的前提条件,先于犯罪行为存在。犯罪主体作为犯罪构成要件是不适格的,它不应该成 为犯罪构成要件。     

Juvenile sex offenders: a complex population

Individuals who engage in sexual offending behavior represent a heterogeneous population. Recent research has found some success in categorizing sexual offenders based on a number of variables, particularly the type of victim. For example, differences have been found between those offenders who victimize adults when compared with those who victimize children. However, the research in this area has been conducted predominantly with adult samples. As the adult sex offender literature has progressed, it has become evident that risk assessment, treatment effectiveness, and risk management are dependent on such offender characteristics. Unfortunately, the relevance to juveniles of characteristics deemed to be important with adult sex offenders is limited due to the complexity of developmental processes, particularly with respect to mental disorders and personality formation. As such, the formulation and implementation of treatment and risk management strategies that will be effective with juvenile sex offenders are challenging. The goal of this paper is to review some of the complexities inherent in the juvenile sex offender population by focusing on specific areas of complication, including: classification systems, comorbid paraphilias and other mental illnesses, and maladaptive personality traits.     

Sleep apnea as a possible factor contributing to aggression in sex offenders

Sleep disorders, such as obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), are often unrecognized and undertreated. A disruption in normal sleep may be associated with increased irritability and aggression. To elucidate further the impact of OSA on hostility of forensic patients, we performed a retrospective chart review of 10 consecutive outpatient sex offenders who were diagnosed with OSA and treated with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). The Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire was compared pre- and posttreatment. Following treatment, the total Buss-Perry score was significantly lower, with lower scores on the anger, physical aggression, hostility, and verbal aggression subscales. These results suggest that in sex offenders suffering from OSA, aggression and hostility may be significantly reduced through CPAP treatment. Further investigation is required to investigate if reducing aggression and hostility in this manner impacts recidivism and overall functioning.     

Sex of Spouse Abuse Offender and Directionality of Abuse as Predictors of Personal Distress,Interpersonal Functioning,and Perceptions of Family Climate

This study examines perceptions of personal distress, interpersonal functioning and family climate reported by men and women involved in unidirectional versus bidirectional spouse abuse. Participants were 7253 offenders treated by the USAF Family Advocacy Program from 1988 to 1996. Over a quarter of the sample is female and included among them were both unidirectional and bidirectional offenders. Grouping factors for the analysis are gender, directionality of aggression, history of abuse in childhood, history of recidivism, and severity of aggression. Females and offenders raised in abusive homes reported more negative perceptions across the measured spheres. Unidirectional abusers reported more personal distress, but bidirectional abuse had more conflicted family climates. Few differences were noted in offenders' perceptions based on the severity of their abuse or their history of repeat offenses. Tests for interactions yielded no reliable pattern indicating that grouping factors were related to outcomes in an additive fashion.     

H-Y抗原的法医学应用前展

雄性特异性次要组织相容性抗原,简称H-Y抗原(male specific minor histompatibility antigen)是由Y染色体上的基因编码的一组次要组织相容性抗原,其与X染色体上的H-X抗原同源。H-Y抗原为一种雄性动物特有的物质,其在雄性个体中表达具有普遍性,分布无组织和器官特异性,其最初是作为一种移植抗原被发现的。近年来很多文献报道了H-Y抗原的相关研究,作者主要综述H-Y抗原在性别控制和鉴定方面的研究,并在法医学应用方面的前景作出了一些展望。     

乡村社会的性:一种有缺口的禁忌

乡村社会的性是一种有缺口的禁忌。性别角色是性正当化的表现[1],性的日常化彰显了其规范性的一面,性教育机制则是留给性的社会出口,这是性的多重社会属性。乡村社会中的性必须要正当化、日常化、禁忌化,正当化的性体现了社会的正面价值,日常化的性则让性具有了丰富的实践感,禁忌化的性创造了神秘感,并且建构了伦理界限。乡村社会的性就是一个从价值层面到规范层面、从规范层面到实践层面的综合体系。     

"禁止性骚扰"法律成本的性别分配——新修《妇女权益保障法》的法律经济学分析

新修《妇女权益保障法》明确规定“禁止性骚扰”,无疑是一个历史的进步。但由于法律要件不完全,其它法律法规不配套,产生了法律制度供给的局部不足,立法仅具倡导意义,很难实现法律的预期效益。不仅如此,性骚扰人身权属性的立法设计,在事实上可能产生雇主和其他责任主体的缺位,而仅靠受害妇女投诉禁止性骚扰,在法律文化和程序障碍共存的情况下,等于将救济成本和诉讼风险同时分配给可能是潜在受害人的女性,这可能导致权利的义务化逆转,造成新的法律成本分配的性别不平等。     

近年来总体国家安全观研究述评

总体国家安全观是适应新时代历史方位的新型国家安全观,自提出以来就受到学术界广泛关注。文章从总体国家安全观的内容构成、主要特征以及实践路径三个角度着手,对已有研究成果进行了系统梳理和分析,探索既有研究的特征和优势,同时也指出存在的薄弱环节和不足之处。未来的研究应完整梳理总体国家安全观理论体系、深挖科学内涵,着眼中国特色、细化主要特征、关注制度建构、探索协同实践,从而为国家总体安全工作的进一步发展提供更有力的理论支持。