Performance of the supervised learning algorithms in sex estimation of the proximal femur: A comparative study in contemporary Egyptian and Turkish samples

Sex estimation standards are population specific however, we argue that machine learning techniques (ML) may enhance the biological sex determination on trans-population application. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) versus nine ML including quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA), support vector machine (SVM), Decision Tree (DT), Gaussian process (GPC), Naïve Bayesian (NBC), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Random Forest (RFM) and Adaptive boosting (Adaboost) were compared. The experiments involve two contemporary populations: Turkish (n = 300) and Egyptian populations (n = 100) for training and validation, respectively. Base models were calibrated using isotonic and sigmoid calibration schemes. Results were analyzed at posterior probabilities (pp) thresholds >0.95 and >0.80. At pp = 0.5, ML algorithms yielded comparable accuracies in the training (90% to 97%) and test sets (81% to 88%) which are not modified after employing the calibration techniques. At pp >0.95, the raw RFM, LDA, QDA, and SVM models have shown the best performance however, calibration techniques improved the performance of various classifier especially NBC and Adaboost. By contrast, the performance of GPC, KNN, QDA models worsened by calibration. RFM has shown the best performance among all models at both thresholds whereas LDA benefited the best from using both calibration methods at pp >0.80. Complex ML models are not necessarily achieving better performance metrics. LDA and QDA remain the fastest and simplest classifiers. We demonstrated the capability of enhancing sex estimation using ML on an independent population sample however, differences in the underlying probability distribution generated by models were detected which warranted more cautious application by forensic practitioners.     

Research on Pre－trade Transparency and Market Liquidity

The transparency of the securities market reveals the extent of transaction information transmission to traders. According to the relative trading position, it can be divided into pre-trade transparency and post-trade transparency. Using Shanghai Stock market high frequency trading data, this paper builds an econometric model and analyzes the market effect of two important changing pre－trading transparency events. The empirical result hows that the pre－trade transparency changing has no significant effect on market liquidity. The expansion from 3－layer bid－and－ask price to 5－layer obviously lifts the stock price, leading to the U－shape change in volatility and trading volume. However, the 5－layer bid－and－ask price expansion to 10－layer in level 2 shows no significant effect.     

Rethinking Timing of First Sex and Delinquency

The relation between timing of first sex and later delinquency was examined using a genetically informed sample of 534 same-sex twin pairs from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, who were assessed at three time points over a 7-year interval. Genetic and environmental differences between families were found to account for the association between earlier age at first sex and increases in delinquency. After controlling for these genetic and environmental confounds using a quasi-experimental design, earlier age at first sex predicted lower levels of delinquency in early adulthood. The current study is contrasted with previous research with non-genetically informative samples, including Armour and Haynie (2007, Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 36, 141–152). Results suggest a more nuanced perspective on the meaning and consequences of adolescent sexuality than is commonly put forth in the literature.

英国的不法交易规则研究

公司濒临破产时，股东的利益与债权人利益出现分野，董事如何行事即成为焦点之所在。英国的不法交易规则模式的适用要件、法律构造等均堪完备，为处理该问题的典型立法例，对于我国填补这方面的法律空白有重要的示范意义和可移植价值。并且，我国当前的制度架构具备引进该制度的现实条件，可考虑进行法律移植。     

To Flirt or Not to Flirt? Sexual Power at the Bargaining Table

We begin by exploring the lay belief that women can use flirtation to their advantage in professional contexts and contrast it with trained negotiators' negative views on flirtation. We then examine the impact of flirtation on negotiators' impression formation. We explore whether a flirtatious style aids women in the trade-off they often face between perceived likability and perceived competence. We discover both an upside and a downside to flirting at the bargaining table. Although flirtation appears to be positively related to women's likability, negotiators who flirted were judged to be less authentic than those who refrained from exercising their sexual power.     

Sex differences in the experience of child sexual victimization

This study analyzed 390 (303 girls and 87 boys) cases of child sexual abuse to understand sex differences in child sexual victimization. Analyses focused on three domains that have received considerable empirical attention: victims' relationships with the offender, type and extent of abuse, and disclosure. Findings largely replicated previous efforts that reported sex differences in terms of victims' relationships with offenders. Although results also replicated previous findings about sex differences in disclosure patterns, these sex differences were minor in comparison with similarities in the way most instances of abuse were eventually identified. In terms of type and extent of abuse, results were the opposite of previous findings: girls, not boys, were the victims of more physical injury, violent threats, and use of force; and girls, not boys, were more likely to have physically resisted abuse. Divergences in findings were interpreted in terms of memory biases and social forces operating differently on the sexes.     

Group Buying on the Upsurge

正LAST month I was invited out for a Korean barbecue by a 23-year-old Chinese friend of mine,Huang Xuesong.I gladly accepted the invitation and we had dinner together.After a good meal,it was time to pay the bill.As I rummaged in my bag for my purse,my friend stopped me:"No,it’s okay.I’ve already paid over the Internet,"he said.I won-     

期货犯罪法律探析

期货犯罪分为广义和狭义两种。广义的是指发生在期货领域的所有犯罪 ;狭义的仅指在期货市场才刚刚出现的专业型犯罪。本文拟对狭义的期货犯罪的概念及其构成特征作一探讨。     

性骚扰行为探讨

性骚扰是指向他人发出不受欢迎的性信息。性骚扰行为会损害受害人身体、精神健康 ,导致受害人情绪消极 ,降低受害人交际能力 ,影响受害人婚姻关系 ,造成受害人经济损失 ,影响受害人职业发展。性骚扰受害人应认识性骚扰者的心理状态 ,冷静处理性骚扰行为 ,向性骚扰者明确态度 ,并且积极寻求帮助 ,以规避性骚扰行为的侵害。     

对古代皇宫贵族女性文化教育的考察

中国古代皇宫贵族的文化教育自先秦时代至清末一直断断续续地存在并开展着,且有其相应的规章与体系。在当时的社会历史环境下,通过这一教育,虽然在皇宫和贵妇中培养了一些女性人才,但由于这一教育只是对极少数女性的教育,也是一种特权式的教育,故而对古代女性整体文化水平的提高几乎没有起到任何的作用。