Sex and the genuine marriage: consummation and conjugality in Canadian citizenship

The idea of consummation as definitive of a marriage seems antiquated today. Yet, consummation operates as a central criterion in determinations of a ‘genuine marriage’ in Canadian immigration law. Drawing on the marriage and migration literature, theorizations of sexual citizenship, and critical multiculturalism, we explore recent judicial considerations of consummation in Canadian family sponsorship adjudications. We searched the CanLII database (a Canadian database of legislation and judicial records) for the keywords ‘non-consummation’ and ‘genuine marriage’ and identified 68 cases. Of these cases, three primary themes emerged: the use of consummation as a ‘technology of love’ – a requirement for assessing the authenticity of the spousal relationship and hence the worthiness of sponsorship; the discursive construction of sexual and gendered norms in expectations around marital intimacy, and the articulation of liberal tolerance and the cultural other in the assessments of genuine marriages among primarily racialized Canadians or permanent residents and their foreign spouses. We challenge these discursive narratives and conclude by arguing that instead of consummation as the basis for genuine marriage, the Law Commission of Canada’s ‘close personal relationship’ model is a better way to assess the ‘genuineness’ of relationships for determining Canadian citizenship.     

论ICSID仲裁庭对公平公正待遇标准的发展——兼评AES Summit、AES-Tisza诉Hungary案

近年来,国际投资争端中的公平公正待遇标准在ICSID仲裁庭的实践中有了一定的发展。文章首先按时间顺序分阶段梳理该仲裁庭对公平公正待遇标准的界定,随后结合最新的裁决实践,评价公平公正待遇标准要素的发展现状。在此基础上,试图寻找仲裁庭对公平公正待遇标准要素的发展特征。在把握公平公正待遇标准内涵发展趋势的前提下,我们应积极思考并研究我国及投资者的相应对策。     

Performance of the supervised learning algorithms in sex estimation of the proximal femur: A comparative study in contemporary Egyptian and Turkish samples

Sex estimation standards are population specific however, we argue that machine learning techniques (ML) may enhance the biological sex determination on trans-population application. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) versus nine ML including quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA), support vector machine (SVM), Decision Tree (DT), Gaussian process (GPC), Naïve Bayesian (NBC), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Random Forest (RFM) and Adaptive boosting (Adaboost) were compared. The experiments involve two contemporary populations: Turkish (n = 300) and Egyptian populations (n = 100) for training and validation, respectively. Base models were calibrated using isotonic and sigmoid calibration schemes. Results were analyzed at posterior probabilities (pp) thresholds >0.95 and >0.80. At pp = 0.5, ML algorithms yielded comparable accuracies in the training (90% to 97%) and test sets (81% to 88%) which are not modified after employing the calibration techniques. At pp >0.95, the raw RFM, LDA, QDA, and SVM models have shown the best performance however, calibration techniques improved the performance of various classifier especially NBC and Adaboost. By contrast, the performance of GPC, KNN, QDA models worsened by calibration. RFM has shown the best performance among all models at both thresholds whereas LDA benefited the best from using both calibration methods at pp >0.80. Complex ML models are not necessarily achieving better performance metrics. LDA and QDA remain the fastest and simplest classifiers. We demonstrated the capability of enhancing sex estimation using ML on an independent population sample however, differences in the underlying probability distribution generated by models were detected which warranted more cautious application by forensic practitioners.     

反思我国强制医疗程序的适用

进入强制医疗程序视野的都是涉嫌暴力犯罪的被追诉人,所以存在刑事追诉与强制医疗程序衔接的问题。对于适用强制医疗程序的人,在审理方式和法律帮助方面,法律规定有待完善。建议设置不同类型的治疗措施,可以在妥善安置疑似精神病人的同时,加大强制医疗程序对维护社会秩序的力度;增加鉴定意见的内容,以便提前异议。     

强制医疗程序司法运作中的问题与完善——以检察监督权的有效行使为视角

我国精神病人的强制医疗程序性质上属于刑事司法程序,兼具治疗精神病和防卫社会的目的,奉行入院中心主义。强制医疗在司法运作中仍存在启动程序不规范、适用标准不明确、检察监督不到位、配套机制不健全等问题。检察院应履行法律监督职能,加强对强制医疗启动程序、审查程序和审查标准、执行程序的监督,实现强制医疗公正、效率、安全和人道的制度价值。     

司法改革“上海方案”中法官职业化的探索

本文希望在司法改革的背景下对法官职业化进展进行分析梳理,指出问题,找到对策。文中以司法改革“上海方案”为分析对象,该改革方案中针对法官职业化的问题提出了相关的具体措施。这些措施值得称赞,但也存在一些诸如人员分类管理制度的可行性,审判权力运行机制科学性,职业化制度保障缺失性,“上海方案”的可复制性等问题。通过对上述问题的思考,加上英美等发达国家的经验,希望对存在的问题有一个较为明确的解答。     

继承的共同正犯研究

继承的共同正犯,是指对某一个犯罪,先行行为者着手实行后,在行为尚未全部实行终了阶段,他人(后行行为者)与先行者之间产生了共同实施犯罪的意思,此后共同实施犯罪的实行行为的情形。是否应当承认继承的共同正犯概念,后行者是否应当对先行者行为所造成的结果承担责任,对此,刑法理论界存在着肯定说、否定说与限定的肯定说等多种观点。应当认为继承的共同正犯概念有其存在的合理性,而限定的肯定说则更有利于准确界定各行为人的刑事责任。     

共同犯罪中身份因素之探微

身份因素在共同犯罪的法律规定中前后存在矛盾,判断标准不一,现行法律、司法解释在司法实践中有较大的分歧,存在违反罪刑相适应原则的嫌疑;共同犯罪中共同的标准亦即共同犯罪的本质是犯罪共同说是妥当的,但共同之程度还有待刑法解释的进一步完善;大陆法系中所称之身份犯排除犯罪支配理论,而改用义务犯理论,无身份者不能成为有身份者之正犯,却可以成为有身份者之共犯;认定身份犯在共同犯罪中所起的作用依然不能脱离共同犯罪的本质,义务是确定身份犯在共同犯罪中所处地位之唯一标准。     

重特大交通事故网络舆情的应对

在网络时代背景下,交通管理部门在处理重特大交通事故时,由于未来得及在思想、政策以及方式上做出相应改变,藉由网络的力量,使得一些重特大交通事故演变成全国,甚至国际关注的事件。重特大交通事故网络舆情的产生与发展有其制度性原因和工具性原因,因而应有相对应的临时处理措施和工具性处理措施。临时性处理措施的本质是坚持以人为本,实现个案正义;而工具性处理措施的核心是在了解其演变逻辑的基础上,注重网络舆情的搜集与调查,完善政府网络发言人制度以及政府新闻发言人制度。     

《克丽丝德蓓》中的性别政治

美国学者凯特·米利特（Kate Millet）在她的著作《性别政治》一书中第一次明确地提出了性别政治的概念。米利特指出两性关系是一种统治与被统治的关系,即男性统治女性。这种权力结构长期以来被视为是理所当然的。《克丽丝德蓓》是英国浪漫主义时期诗人柯尔律治的三部代表作之一,长期以来在学术研究方面较少得到关注。《克丽丝德蓓》与作者其他两部代表作最明显的差异在于把历经磨难的主人公设定为一位柔弱少女。本文试图从男性作者视角的天使与魔鬼,男性力量的操纵与拯救和男性心理的公平与偏见等方面,阐释柯尔律治《克丽丝德蓓》中体现出的性别政治。