“吸毒驾驶”入刑及其关键问题探讨--以醉酒驾驶作风险比较和刑事侦查作操作考量为视角

由“吸毒驾驶”引发的恶性交通事故频发，呈日益增长且难以遏制的态势。针对“吸毒驾驶”日趋严重问题，公安机关在推动“毒驾入刑”和查处“吸毒驾驶”方面做出了不懈的努力，国务院在关于《禁毒法实施和禁毒工作情况的报告》中也曾建议《刑法》增设“毒驾罪”。2011年我国出台《刑法修正案（八）》，把醉酒驾驶规定为犯罪，与“醉驾”相比，“吸毒驾驶”对道路交通安全和社会公共安全的危害更大。本文以同醉酒驾驶作风险比较和从刑事侦查作操作考量为视角，对“吸毒驾驶”入刑的必要性、可行性及几个关键性问题进行论述。     

Microscopical discrimination of human head hairs sharing a mitochondrial haplogroup

In forensic analyses, determining the level of consensus among examiners for hair comparison conclusions and ancestry identifications is important for assessing the scientific validity of microscopical hair examinations. Here, we present data from an interlaboratory study on the accuracy of microscopical hair comparisons among a subset of experienced hair examiners currently analyzing hair in forensic laboratories across the United States. We examined how well microscopical analysis of hair can reliably be used to differentiate hair samples, many of which were macroscopically similar. Using cut hair samples, many sharing similar macroscopic and microscopic features, collected from individuals who share the same mitochondrial haplogroup as an indication of genetic relatedness, we tested multiple aspects that could impact hair comparisons. This research tested the extent to which morphological features related to ancestry and hair length influence conclusions. Microscopical hair examinations yielded accurate assessments of inclusion/exclusion relative to the reference samples among 85% of the pairwise comparisons. We found shorter hairs had reduced levels of accuracy and hairs from populations examiners were not familiar with may have impacted their ability to resolve features. The reliability of ancestry determinations is not yet clear, but we found indications that the existing categories are only somewhat related to current ethnic and genetic variation. Our results provide support for the continued utility of microscopical comparison of hairs within forensic laboratories and to advocate for a combined analytical approach using both microscopical analysis and mtDNA data on all forensic analyses of hair.     

小微企业民间融资的国际比较及借鉴

当前,民间融资已经成为小微企业融资的新渠道,但是,小微企业民间融资还面临着立法、体制和监管多方面的问题,境地尴尬。我国要解决小微企业融资难问题,结合我国国情,考察和学习美国、日本、德国等发达国家的先进经验不失为一种可取方法,尽管其模式各有特色,并无优劣之分,但也存在诸多的共同点。在政府定位、健全立法、加快小微企业民间融资信用担保体系建设、大力发展民间中小金融机构、畅通民间融资与小微企业间的融资渠道等多个方面值得我国借鉴。     

中美高校科研诚信体系建设比较分析

目前,科研不端行为已成为我国高校学术界亟待解决的问题.通过对中美高校科研诚信建设的比较,可以看出,美国大学科研诚信的宣导教育、监管模式、科研不端行为的处理等方面都具有先进的经验.我国的高校科研诚信建设应借鉴美国做法,通过多种途径加强高校的科研诚信建设,一是通过多媒体联合的形式宣导科研诚信,二是建立独立的长期的具有监管职能的科研诚信管理机构,三是建立全国范围内的高校联盟机制,四是加强科学研究过程的监督和学术问责.由此,我国才能形成完善的高校科研诚信体系建设.     

Fingermark Evidence Evaluation Based on Automated Fingerprint Identification System Matching Scores: The Effect of Different Types of Conditioning on Likelihood Ratios

In recent studies, the evidential value of the similarity of minutiae configurations of fingermarks and fingerprints, for example expressed by automated fingerprint identification systems (AFIS), is determined by likelihood ratios (LRs). The paper explores whether there is an effect on LRs if conditioning takes place on specified fingers, fingerprints, or fingermarks under competing hypotheses: In addition, an approach is explored where conditioning is asymmetric. Comparisons between fingerprints and simulated fingermarks with eight minutiae are performed to produce similarity score distributions for each type of conditioning, given a fixed AFIS matching algorithm. Both similarity scores and LRs are significantly different if the conditioning changes. Given a common‐source scenario, “LRs” resulting from asymmetric conditioning are on average higher. The difference may reach a factor of 2000. As conditioning on a suspect's finger(print) is labor‐intensive and requires a cooperating suspect, it is recommended to just condition on the number of minutiae in the fingermark.     

用羊角锤撬压形成线形痕迹的检验

目的介绍羊角锤起钉槽撬压形成擦划痕迹的检验方法。方法痕迹整体分析及特征接合。结果具备同一认定条件。结论通过了解羊角锤的结构特点和功能,综合分析撬压时形成痕迹的作用关系,按照现场环境条件制作样本,可以进行同一认定。     

中英证人辨认制度比较研究

辨认是刑事诉讼中的重要环节 ,同时也是薄弱环节。各国法学家和法官们都一致认为 ,目击者在辨认和证词中的错误是造成法官误判的重要原因。因此各国的刑事司法机关都在不断改革和完善辨认制度 ,以确保辨认结果的科学性、公正性。比较中英两国在证人辨认规则上的异同 ,对于我国司法辨认工作具有重要的借鉴意义。     

我国古代刑法“比附类推”制度的发展与“罪刑法定”原则在我国的最终确立

我国比附类推制度可追溯于周代,随后各朝代均推行运用,但不同程度作了限制。新中国1979年制定的刑法也规定了类推制度,但1997年刑法修订时废除了这一制度,正式确立了罪刑法定原则。虽然比附类推制度被废除,但这一思想仍然会影响罪刑法定原则的贯彻。     

海峡两岸抢夺罪之比较

本文从抢夺罪的定义、立法体例、犯罪构成特征、对携带凶器进行抢夺的行为定性等方面对海峡两岸有关抢夺罪的法律问题进行比较分析,指出其相同点和差异,并对有关的刑法规定提出了一些看法。