Characteristics of Backspatter on the Firearm and Shooting Hand—An Experimental Analysis of Close‐range Gunshots

Contact and close‐range gunshot injuries can produce bloodstains on the shooting hand and weapon. In this study, backspatter was analyzed in experimental horizontal pistol shots into blood‐filled sponges. The shooting distances were set between 0 and 45 cm. With increasing shooting distance, there was a significant decrease in the degree of backspatter. Microspatter could be detected on the weapon and shooting hand up to a shooting distance of 40 cm. They were predominantly located on thumb and index finger as well as the radial dorsal aspects of the hand. Fine spray of microspatter combined with elongated droplets in the shape of exclamation marks was found at contact and 2‐cm distance shots. An angular calculation based on the shape of the bloodstains was possible up to a shooting distance of 2 cm. No bloodstains were detected beyond 45 cm.     

Ancestry and BMI Influences on Facial Soft Tissue Depths for A Cohort of Chinese and Caucasoid Women in Dunedin,New Zealand

This study measured and assessed facial soft tissue depths (FSTDs) in adult female Chinese and New Zealand (NZ) Europeans (Caucasoids). Ultrasound was used to obtain depths at nine landmarks on 108 healthy subjects (51 Chinese, 57 NZ European), erect positioned, of same age group (18–29 years). Height and weight were also recorded. Statistical analysis focused on comparison of tissue depth between the two ancestry groups and the influence of Body Mass Index (BMI) (kg/m²). Results showed mean depth differences at Supra M2 and Infra M2 landmarks significantly greater for Chinese than Caucasoid women for all three BMI Classes (BMI <20, 20 ≤ BMI < 25, 25 ≤ BMI < 30), even BMI <20. For both groups BMI positively correlated with FSTD values at all landmarks except Labrale superius. This study enabled ancestry and BMI influence on FSTDs to be observed and compared for two distinct groups. Results add to knowledge about facial tissue depth variation.     

An Empirical Study on the Relation Between the Critical Angle for Bullet Ricochet and the Properties of Wood

The properties of a bullet, an object, and the incidence angle determine whether the bullet will penetrate, perforate, or ricochet. In this study, the critical angle for ricochet was established for .32 Auto and 9 mm Luger bullets on Abachi, Southern Yellow Pine, Beech, and Ipe wooden boards. Results show that the critical angle differs depending on caliber and wood type. The critical angle is higher for .32 Auto bullets than for 9 mm Luger bullets and increases with increasing wood density and Janka hardness. The established critical angles for ricochet on the lightest and softest wood (Abachi) are 10.4° and 10.3° for .32 Auto and 9 mm Luger, respectively. For the heaviest and hardest wood (Ipe), the angles were 45.0° and 33.4°, respectively. The combined results on the four tested woods show a strong linear relationship between both the density and the hardness and the critical angle for both calibers.     

情报主导侦查视角下侦查情报运行机制的重构

在情报主导侦查的革命性变革进程中,如何构建新的侦查情报运行机制是当前公安机关正在探索而又亟需解决的现实问题。新的情报机制的构建,应当是基于机制内涵本身所要求的侦查情报工作流程、侦查情报运行制度、侦查情报工作机构与情报队伍、侦查文化四个要素的有机重构,而这四者又在相辅相成、互相促进、互相影响的基础上形成一个稳定的合力系统。     

浅谈警察的应用射击

公安民警射击训练的实际出发,利用"威氏"射击法,提高命中效果控制紧张情绪,解除心理压力,掌握据抢要领,打牢射 击基础,克服外界影响,提高射击精度。     

经济法的反贫困机理和制度设计

贫困体现了市场失灵和政府失灵,而这两个失灵是经济法产生和发展完善的理论基础;反贫困所体现的公平观是一种新型的、可持续的发展观,它是经济法之实质公平的典型表现形式;政府反贫困行为还与经济法所追求的社会整体利益相契合,体现了经济法的社会本位思想;因此,经济法可以从宏观调控法和市场规制法两方面进行制度设计。     

浅谈警察手枪实用射击和互动战术射击

警察手枪实用射击和警察手枪互动战术射击是我国引进国外警察的两种手枪射击训练手段和竞赛方法。其训练内容设置合理 ,并且能根据各种具体实战情况制定训练方法 ,是提高公安民警射击水平和实践能力的有效途径     

重灾救援与灾后重建的“中国模式”探讨

人类文明的发展史,从某种程度上来说就是与自然灾害的抗争史。进入21世纪后的短短10年中,中国大陆就发生了4次特大自然灾害,如南方冰雪灾害、汶川、玉树大地震、舟曲泥石流灾害等。应对严重的自然灾害,并迅速进行灾后恢复建设,中国人民创造了具有中国特色的“中国模式”,不仅可以为我国以后在重大自然灾害发生后短时间内实现经济恢复提供理论支持,同时也可为国际社会提供减灾救灾的“中国经验”。     

Reproducibility of facial soft tissue thicknesses for craniofacial reconstruction using cone-beam CT images

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reproducibility of the soft tissue (ST) thicknesses at 31 landmarks using the cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images obtained from 20 adult subjects. Four observers carried out ST thickness measurements using Skull Measure software, and the inter- and intra-observer error rates were evaluated. Only five of 31 landmarks showed significant differences in recorded ST thickness between the observers. When excluding inexperienced observers, only one landmark showed a significant difference between the observers. Regarding the intra-observer reproducibility, the ST thickness measurements at three landmarks showed low correlation coefficients. The results of this study indicate that CBCT images can be used to measure ST thickness with high reproducibility. However, some landmarks need to be redefined to reliably measure ST thickness on CBCT images.     

Climate resilience in fragile and conflict-affected societies: concepts and approaches

To understand resilience to climate and environmental changes in fragile and conflict-affected societies is particularly important but equally challenging. In this paper, we first develop a conceptual framework to explore the climate-fragility-conflict and climate-resilience-peace nexus. Second, we discuss approaches to promote pathways from climatic changes to peace. We draw on the relevant literature and International Alert's experience in fragile and conflict-affected societies to stress the key role of resilience. To build resilience, climate, development, peacebuilding, and government actors would have to overcome bureaucratic and institutional barriers and cooperate across thematic and regional silos.