光绪间浙江志怪传奇小说集十种叙考

晚清光绪年间,浙江地域除了俞樾的《右台仙馆笔记》外,还出现了像夏曾传的《四海记》、见南山人的《茶余谈荟》、杜求煃等人合撰的《客中异闻录》、吴绍箕的《四梦汇谈》、孙德祖的《寄龛志》、王嘉桢的《在野迩言》等数量众多的志怪传奇小说集,我们选取其中的十种进行考查。这些作家和作品的发掘研究不但对浙江地域文学具有创新意义,对整个中国文学史料也具有补充价值。     

Sequence analysis of a new short tandem repeat locus D17S2266E located in the human growth hormone gene cluster HumGH@

D17S2266E is a new, variable genetic marker exhibiting polymorphism of the number of repeats of four- and two-nucleotide motifs. This study, carried out on a group of 250 unrelated persons from various regions of Poland, revealed the presence of 24 different alleles ranging in size from 232 to 290 base pairs. Analysis of the sequenced fragments demonstrated that the alleles consisted of two flanking regions and two variable blocks that were separated by a consensus sequence. There were (AAAG)(5)(AG)(1)(AAAG)(3-4) repeats in the first block, and [(AAAG)(2)(AG)(1)](0-1)[(AAAG)(6)(AG)(1)](0-1)(AAAG)(n) repeats in the second block. On the basis of the allele frequencies in the population, we were able to do biostatistical calculations, which gave the following results: expected heterozygosity 0.8947 +/- 0.0137, power of discrimination 0.9793, polymorphism information content 0.8837, probability of exclusion (PE) 0.7859, PE for motherless cases 0.6473, and an average paternity index of 4.7470. These biostatistical parameters show that the marker D17S2266E can find a wide range of applications in forensic testing.     

A D19S433 primer binding site mutation and the frequency in Japanese of the silent allele it causes

Short tandem repeat studies are powerful tools for parentage analysis and for identification of missing persons, victims of murder, and victims of mass fatalities when reference samples are unavailable. The primer in the Identifiler kit failed to amplify an allele at the D19S433 locus, producing a silent ("null") allele. The causal mutation is a base change (G>A) 32 nucleotides downstream from the 3' end of the AAGG repeats. The silent alleles are problematical in parentage analysis because when transmitted, they can cause a parent-child inconsistency that is unrelated to Mendelian genetics. The inconsistency is sometimes termed an "apparent opposite homozygosity" and it produces false evidence of nonparentage. Alternative primers were designed to amplify the D19S433 locus alleles and they detect the silent allele. Frequencies of the (no longer) silent allele were determined to be 0.0114 in 176 people from Shizuoka (Honshu) and 0.0128 in 156 people from Okinawa.     

亲子鉴定STR突变的考虑

亲子鉴定中常会发生STR（short tandem repeats,短串联重复）突变的情况。突变对亲子关系的判定会造成困扰。对STR突变规律和亲子鉴定中所遇到的STR突变问题、突变的判定、突变下非父排除率和父权指数的计算以及需与突变区分的情形等问题进行综述和讨论。     

云南汉族家系Y—STR基因座突变率研究

目的研究Y—filer试剂盒中DYS19等基因座在云南省汉族家系样本中的突变率。方法应用Y—filer试剂盒中的DYS456等16个Y—STR基因座对云南省30个汉族家系爷／孙、叔／侄和兄弟／堂兄弟亲权关系的106份样本进行基因分型检测,对DYS19等基因座分型与家系其他成员不同的样本分别进行了单位点的测序。结果6个（周姓、徐姓、王姓、袁姓、许姓、李姓）不同父系姓氏7例样本的10个Y—STR基因座发生突变,分别是DYS19、DYS385各2例,DYS389Ⅰ、DYS389Ⅱ、DYS390、DYS458、DYS393、DYS635各1例,总突变率为5．549‰;王姓、袁姓、许姓家系中各有1例样本分别在2个Y—STR基因座上发生了突变。结论男性家系中随机样本Y—STR基因座的突变率高于父子对样本;用Y—STR基因座进行父系亲权鉴定和男性嫌疑人的家系排查时,既使有2个Y—STR基因座分型不同时也不要轻易排除其来源于同一父系家系。     

依据共有STR基因座数判别全同胞关系

目的建立并探讨基于共有STR基因座数的全同胞关系判别方法。方法根据280对全同胞（fullsibling,FS）及2 003对无关个体（unrelated individual,UI）Identifiler系统15个STR基因座的分型结果,采用计数法计算全不同基因座数（A0）、半相同基因座数（A1）和全相同基因座数（A2）,依据ITO法计算每对受试者的全同胞指数（FSI）,应用判别分析得出基于共有基因座数或FSI进行全同胞及无关个体关系判别的Fisher判别函数,并比较其判别效能。结果全同胞对中的A1、A2和无关个体对中的A0、A1均呈正态分布,全同胞对中的A0和无关个体对中的A2均呈偏态分布。A1在两组人群中的分布差异无统计学意义（P〉0.01）。同时采用A0和A2建立的全同胞及无关个体关系的判别函数分别为ZFS=0.99817A0＋4.24442A2-12.77970和ZUI=2.014 56 A0＋1.546 58 A2-7.280 76。采用上述判别函数进行全同胞及无关个体关系判别的平均错判率为0.049 0。上述判别函数的判别效能与基于FSI的判别函数的判别效能差异无统计学意义。结论可以采用Identifiler系统的共有基因座数进行全同胞及无关个体关系的判别,所建立的判别公式的判别效能与经典ITO法相近。     

The Effects of Different Maceration Techniques on Nuclear DNA Amplification Using Human Bone

Abstract: Forensic anthropologists routinely macerate human bone for the purposes of identity and trauma analysis, but the heat and chemical treatments used can destroy genetic evidence. As a follow‐up to a previous study on nuclear DNA recovery that used pig ribs, this study utilizes human skeletal remains treated with various bone maceration techniques for nuclear DNA amplification using the standard Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) markers. DNA was extracted from 18 samples of human lower leg bones subjected to nine chemical and heat maceration techniques. Genotyping was carried out using the AmpF?STR^® COfiler^® and AmpF?STR^® Profiler Plus^® ID kits. Results showed that heat treatments via microwave or Biz/Na₂CO₃ in sub‐boiling water efficiently macerate bone and produce amplifiable nuclear DNA for genetic analysis. Long‐term use of chemicals such as hydrogen peroxide is discouraged as it results in poor bone quality and has deleterious effects on DNA amplification.     

The Use of Adhesive Tape for Recovery of DNA from Crime Scene Items

Abstract: The selection of the appropriate method of collection of biological material from crime scene items can be crucial to obtaining a DNA profile. The three techniques commonly used for sampling items are: cutting, swabbing, and taping. The tape sampling technique offers an advantage, in that it enables the collection of a potentially highly informative source of DNA, shed epithelial cells, from selected areas on crime scene items (the inside fingers of a glove, for instance). Furthermore, surface collection of biological material by taping reduces co‐sampling of known PCR inhibitors such as clothing dyes. The correct choice of tape for crime scene item sampling is important. Not all tapes are suitable for biological trace evidence collection as well as DNA extraction. We report on one tape that met both these criteria. Three different cases are presented which demonstrate the usefulness of adhesive tape sampling of crime items. Finally, the advantages of the tape collection technique are discussed and guidelines for preferred areas of tape sampling on various casework items are presented.     

DNA Typing for the Identification of Old Skeletal Remains from Korean War Victims*

Abstract: The identification of missing casualties of the Korean War (1950–1953) has been performed using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) profiles, but recent advances in DNA extraction techniques and approaches using smaller amplicons have significantly increased the possibility of obtaining DNA profiles from highly degraded skeletal remains. Therefore, 21 skeletal remains of Korean War victims and 24 samples from biological relatives of the supposed victims were selected based on circumstantial evidence and/or mtDNA‐matching results and were analyzed to confirm the alleged relationship. Cumulative likelihood ratios were obtained from autosomal short tandem repeat, Y‐chromosomal STR, and mtDNA‐genotyping results, and mainly confirmed the alleged relationship with values over 10⁵. The present analysis emphasizes the value of mini‐ and Y‐STR systems as well as an efficient DNA extraction method in DNA testing for the identification of old skeletal remains.     

中国人群亲权鉴定常用STR基因座平均突变率的估计

目的对亲权鉴定中常用STR基因座在中国人群中的平均突变率进行估计,并与美国人群中的相应数据进行比较。方法突变数据来自按拟定标准筛选获得的15篇国内文献及本中心数据。对中国不同地区同一STR基因座突变率无显著差异的突变数据进行合并,计算中国人群该STR基因座的平均突变率,并采用Poisson分布的近似正态分布法计算该STR基因座平均突变率的95%可信区间。对中国人群和美国人群中常用STR基因座平均突变率的95%可信区间进行比较。结果 Identifiler和PowerPlex 16两个系统所包含的17个亲权鉴定常用STR基因座在中国不同地区人群中的突变率无显著差异,合并计算其平均突变率介于0.0120%～0.2078%,不同STR基因座的平均突变率差异显著（P〈0.0001）。这17个亲权鉴定常用STR基因座在中国人群中的累积突变率达到1.9836%。结论本研究通过文献分析获得中国大样本人群的FGA等17个STR基因座突变率数据,对于疑似突变案例的累积亲权指数计算具有借鉴价值。