一定民主条件下司法审查制度设计的经济学分析

民主最大化是一种理想状态,立法和执法者的"经济人"本性和信息的不对称使得民主最大化无法实现,同时也为司法审查的产生提供了现实的基础.本文试以经济学的视角,在分析司法审查设计的供求关系和内部分配偏好的基础上,试图寻找一定民主条件下司法审查设计的最优结合点.     

The Undesirability of Detailed Judicial Reasoning

In this paper we question the general practice in which Common Law based judicial systems produce detailed written decisions. The requirement to produce written court decisions is expensive and helps produce long delays. Furthermore, we show that the general applicability of detailed reasoning may be inefficient. Our method of proving this claim is to show that the individual litigants have almost nothing to gain from having a detailed written reasoning. In fact, most of the time, they are clearly better off by being able to switch to a policy that requires no written opinion. Our approach is most appropriate in circumstances of pecuniary private disputes where the parties involved act as rational utility, or profit, maximizers.     

对行政机关在行政处罚中怠于履职的司法监督

怠于履职,是指行政机关在行政处罚过程中,故意拖拉,未在法定时间内作出和执行处罚;或未能严格公正执法明显轻判轻罚;或因失职未能采取保全等措施,致使无法实施处罚等。它具有不合法性和不适当性的特征。要根治这种现象,司法监督最为有效。但司法监督中提起有关行政诉讼时,应符合一定的条件     

Judicial Dispositions of Ex-Parte and Domestic Violence Protection Order Hearings: A Comparative Analysis of Victim Requests and Court Authorized Relief

This paper presents findings from a study on judicial dispositions of ex-parte orders and domestic violence protection order hearings. Findings are presented with an emphasis on delineating the types of relief which are requested by victims of domestic violence in relation to the types of relief which the courts grant. Results indicate that disparity exists between what types of relief victims request and the types of relief which are awarded by the courts. Research questions are analyzed in order to further define these discrepancies with diverse policy implications and further research issues being recommended as a result of these analyses.     

司法经验整合及其抽象化问题——从私人背景步入公共领域的法官经验

司法经验本身强调的不是个体的独特性,而是与群体不可分割的整体性。在司法实践中,现有非正式的“内部请示报批”和“执行规范性文件”制度共同构成了我国独特的司法经验整体化机制。但其抽象化的过程和结果,难以释放经验整体化的功能。我们应充分利用司法裁判本身所具有的规则和经验价值,形成社会可资共用的法律智识资源,以一种迂回的方式实现司法经验的整体化。     

The Last Word in Court—A Hidden Disadvantage for the Defense

In the legal systems of most western countries, defense attorneys present their sentencing recommendation after the prosecution has presented its sentencing demands. This procedural sequence for criminal cases is intended to balance the impact of both parties on the judge's final decision. Especially the positioning of the defense's plea at the end of the trial follows the fundamental legal principle “in dubio pro reo.” Research on judgmental anchoring, however, suggests that the standard procedural sequence may in fact work against this principle. Consistent with this implication, the present studies demonstrate that the defense's sentencing recommendation is anchored on, and consequently assimilated toward, the preceding recommendation by the prosecution. This influence prevents the defense attorney from effectively counterbalancing the prosecutor's demand. Instead, the biased defense attorney's recommendation partially mediates the impact of the prosecutor's demand on the judge's decision. These findings suggest that the standard procedural sequence in court may place the defense at a distinct disadvantage.     

The enactment of public participation in rulemaking: A comparative analysis

This study analyzes the enactment of public participation in rulemaking within the European Union and the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development countries. It relies on an original dataset of administrative procedural acts and administrative laws concerning the making of delegated legislation. As 12 out of 39 countries enacted a procedure of notification, publication, and consultation between 1995 and 2015, the study focuses on courts while controlling for other domestic institutional determinants of legislative adoption and countries’ interdependence. The empirical findings show that countries with a highly independent judiciary system are less likely to enact a comprehensive provision for public participation in rulemaking. This finding highlights a paradox, namely that political systems are more likely to adopt rulemaking to enhance democratic legitimacy if they are characterized by a judicial system that does not actively pursue the legality of rulemaking.     

Black music and pan-African solidarity in Keorapetse Kgositsile’s poetry

The African American revolutionary poetry outfit and purported grandfathers of rap The Last Poets coined their name from Keorapetse Kgositsile's poem “Towards a Walk in the Sun”. This is relatively common knowledge. However, no sustained academic research has been conducted on this crucial exchange in diasporic studies. In this paper, I show how Kgositsile's poem in question harvested the rich oral, aural, and literary practices of his native Setswana, which in turn enabled The Last Poets to not only draw a name from Kgositsile's poetry, but also a language and poetic. This way, I demonstrate multivalent streams of influences between black South Africa and black America, as opposed to the current one-way exchange in scholarship that almost always presents black South Africans as emulators and mimickers of Afro-American culture. I expose how Kgositsile's poetry trans/figures both Afro-American literary and musical histories. Functioning within the framework of pan-Africanism, I uncover black music's transatlantic arch in Kgositsile's poetry, which unifies Africa, the Caribbean, and black America. I offer a deep analysis of that arch, and demonstrate its dynamic and complex networks which span generations and centuries, and continues to be generative till today. I focus particularly on the evolution of orality and aurality in black expressive cultures, understood as practices that express the black cultural continuum on both sides of the Atlantic.     

论未成年人刑事判决之有限公开

我国刑事诉讼法未就未成年人刑事判决宣告方式做特别规定,这一法律漏洞致使未成年人刑事判决只能适用成年人模式即公开宣告,但公开宣判方式不符合未成年人隐私保护和少年司法矫正之宗旨,因此,急需通过法律修订以填补法律漏洞。修改时,需将未成年人刑事案件判决宣告和判决文书网络公开之法律规定作为一个整体予以考量。为了未成年人隐私保护、公众知情权和司法监督等诸价值之平衡,未成年人刑事判决应当有限公开,即未成年人刑事判决宣告原则上实行不公开主义,无罪判决可申请公开;未成年人刑事判决文书采用隐去未成年人个人信息的网络有限公开模式。     

司法体制改革试点工作的潜在问题及解决思路

全国6个试点省市正在对完善司法人员分类管理等4项改革任务进行试点。如果缺乏对以人财物由省统管和实行法官检察官员额制等核心改革内容的制度设计,势必带来基层司法机关经费保障不力、司法系统内部"行政化"加剧、法官检察官选任产生"逆淘汰"现象以及独立行使的司法权力异化成司法专横甚至司法腐败等问题。必须高度重视试点工作中发现的问题,理性认识司法机关与地方的"和谐"共生关系,并抓紧研究建立司法机关人财物管理体制机制和法官检察官统一提名管理及任免程序,有效处理维护司法权威和加强监督管理关系,及时时纠正预防改革变形走样,甚至产生违背改革初衷的"反效果"。