The value of the hospital autopsy. A study of causes and modes of death estimated before and after autopsy

Among 312 consecutive deaths in a Danish Central Hospital autopsy was performed in the pathology department on 266 cases, i.e. 85%. Retrospectively, the underlying causes of death were estimated from the clinical information alone by an experienced clinician and subsequently compared with the autopsy report. The definite cause of death was determined jointly by the clinician and the pathologist. The clinician's diagnosis was thereby confirmed as incorrect in 18% of the cases if small differences in site and type of malignant tumours were not considered. This is less than in many other investigations, but it is stressed that this could partly be because formal errors in completing the death certificate were avoided. The main causes of death were ischaemic heart disease and neoplasia. Clinical diagnosis of malignant diseases was never found to be erroneous. There was a slight tendency to clinically overestimate ischaemic heart disease, but in general the different errors outweighed each other, so that the total number of different causes of death before and after autopsy was nearly the same. The original death certificate was investigated in 12 accidental cases. Hereby it was found that the mode of death was originally stated erroneously as natural in 7 cases, i.e. 4.5%. It is concluded that hospital autopsy is still needed for the control and correction of causes of death, and it is stressed that clinicians as well as pathologists should be more aware of cases with a trauma in the history to avoid errors in the mode of death. Such errors can imply legal as well as insurance problems.     

上海某区非正常死亡统计学分析

按国际疾病标准分类法对1995-2004年间某区居民非正常死亡资料进行统计学分析。结果显示1995-2004年间年均非正常死亡率为4.6!(4.9!～4.5!),80岁以上组人群非正常死亡率最高;女性高于男性,为男性的1.03～1.36倍;意外跌落、交通事故、自杀为引起非正常死亡的前3位原因。表明非正常死亡已经成为严重影响某区居民健康、生命质量的主要因素,是目前较为重要的社会问题,应引起足够重视。     

浅析顺德市飞车抢夺犯罪案件的特点原因及对策

抢夺犯罪案件是指以非法占有为目的，乘人不备，公然夺取数额较大的公私财物的案件。随着社会主义市场经济体制的建立和现代交通、通讯事业的迅速发展，人财物大流动，社会迅速由“封闭型”向“开放型”发展，社会犯罪活动亦呈现出新特点、新动向，较为突出的特点之一是抢夺案件频繁发生，泛滥存在，其中“飞车抢夺”案件最为典型。如何遏制、减少抢夺案件的发生已成为当今社会治安防控工作一个亟待解决的重要课题。     

构建我国缺陷产品召回制度的思考

建立我国的缺陷产品召回制度已是当务之急。我国有关缺陷产品召回制度的法律规范效力层次低下,缺乏应有的权威性;规范原则性过强,缺乏可操作性;召回管理主体不明以及管理主体不具备专业性,导致缺陷产品召回制度的功能难以真正实现。应制定有关缺陷产品召回制度的基本法律;修改《产品质量法》关于“产品缺陷”的界定,统一产品召回标准;明确规定发展缺陷不能成为召回责任的免责事由;建立分工明确、各司其职的缺陷产品召回管理机构体系。     

When is a bologna sandwich better than sex? A defense of small-n case study evaluations

This paper discusses the value of quasi-experiments with small numbers of cases - small-n case studies. It argues that these evaluations of crime prevention have value. The first part of the paper shows that small-n evaluations are practical methods for producing information and that discarding this information reduces our ability to learn what works in crime prevention. The solution is to examine small-n evaluations in systematic reviews. In the second part this paper shows that more rigorous evaluations can sacrifice generalizability to gain internal validity and that this, too, reduces our ability to learn. The solution is to create a mixed portfolio of intrusive, less-intrusive, and non-intrusive evaluations. In the third part this paper shows why inference processes that make use of theory should replace naïve inductionism. One implication of this is that ignoring theory also discards evidence. Another implication is that taking theory into account when we review program effectiveness allows us to better use small-n evaluations when we generalize. In the final part, this paper gives three recommendations for making use of small-n evaluations: adopt case study procedures developed in political science, improve the value of process evaluations, and improve crime theories.     

民工进城犯罪原因探究

民工进城犯罪问题是中国现代化进程中需要长期关注的社会问题,究其原因主要有教育、法制、文化、社会保障等诸多方面,应积极采取措施矫正社会结构、权利、财富的失衡,减少民工犯罪,实现社会长久和谐。     

黑社会性质组织犯罪实证研究--以15例黑社会性质组织犯罪刑事判决书为样本

黑社会性质组织犯罪具有严重社会危害性,已成为现代社会的一大毒瘤。以聚法案例网中的裁判文书为样本,从犯罪人情况、组织状况、行为状况、经济特征及保护伞状况四个方面分析黑社会性质组织犯罪的现状和特征,从犯罪人个体、经济、社会文化等多个角度分析黑社会性质组织产生的原因,可以更清晰地厘清黑社会性质组织犯罪的根本特征,并结合其特点进一步提出打击、预防该类犯罪的具体措施。     

探析当前聋哑人犯罪增多的原因、特点及预防

近年来,随着经济发展,社会进步,聋哑人犯罪一直呈上升趋势,给社会、家庭均带来了不安定的因素,严重地危害了社会治安,已经成为一个不容忽视的社会问题,应引起社会各界的高度关注和重视。     

西部大开发要防治过度竞争

西部地区经济基础薄弱 ,发展水平低 ,容易产生过度竞争的条件。本文从微观与宏观相结合的角度 ,就过度竞争的含义、过度竞争在西部开发中的表现形式、过度竞争的形成原因、过度竞争对西部大开发的负面影响以及防治过度竞争的对策和措施等方面作了尝试性探讨。