AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF THE VIOLENT VICTIMIZATION OF WOMEN: RACE/ETHNICITY AND SITUATIONAL CONTEXT*

Although much has been learned in recent years about the victimization experiences of women, there remains a considerable knowledge gap with respect to the victimization of women of different racial and ethnic backgrounds. In order to confront this issue, we use the large number of cases available in the National Crime Victimization Survey (1992–2000) to examine the risk and protective factors associated with violent victimization among non‐Hispanic white, non‐Hispanic black, Hispanic, Asian/Pacific Islander, and Native American women. We then describe in more detail the violent incidents against these women, looking for distinguishing patterns across groups. Our results are useful for fine‐tuning theories of victimization to explain variance in violence for females across racial and ethnic subgroups.     

知识产权的刑法保护研究———以侵犯名酒商标权犯罪案件审理为视角简

商标侵权犯罪是侵犯知识产权的常见多发犯罪,在泸州市主要表现为侵犯名酒商标权犯罪.本文以泸州市江阳区法院近年来审理商标侵权犯罪案件整体状况为切入点,分析了此类案件的特点及原因,并提出相关的刑法应对建议,旨在为商标等知识产权相关立法工作与司法完善提供有益参考.     

走私文物罪的成因及预防对策

作为文物大国,我国一直是文物犯罪的高发地。走私文物罪是文物犯罪的重要类型之一,其犯罪手段隐蔽,犯罪性质恶劣,造成的危害后果难以挽回。文物的独特价值决定其本身无法复制和仿制,文物一旦被偷运出国门,对我国文化遗产的损害不可估量。由于暴利驱动和犯罪方法的不断升级,走私文物犯罪集团作案手段的智能化和国际化,使得我国文物保护的任务日益艰巨。因此需要我们不断完善立法、加强执法、强化管理、扩大宣传、密切国际合作等,寻求有效的防控文物犯罪、特别是预防走私文物行为的综合对策。     

新生代农民工集体罢工:原因检视与政策取向———基于广东个案的利益诉求类型

当前,随着城市化的发展及新生代农民工大规模进城务工,新生代农民工集体罢工频繁发生,＂新生代农民工集体罢工＂已经成为政府有效进行社会治理的一大障碍。笔者基于对广东省新生代农民工集体罢工个案进行研究,梳理了其利益诉求类型,检视其深层原因,最后,基于问题分析提出缓解新生代农民工集体罢工行动的政策建议。     

Situational factors in female-perpetrated child sexual abuse in organisations: implications for prevention

ABSTRACT

Despite increasing interest in child sexual abuse occurring in organisations, the perpetration of such abuse by females is largely ignored. This study examined situational factors in 136 cases of sexual abuse perpetrated by women working with children in the UK, Canada and the USA between 2000 and 2016. Qualitative and quantitative content analysis of court reports, professional regulator decisions, media reports and an online sentencing database was used, findings indicating that situational and contextual factors are highly relevant in perpetration. Much abuse occurs away from the organisational environment, particularly in perpetrators’ homes and cars, and in virtual environments. However, it also occurs within organisations, generally in unsupervised areas, outside of operating hours and often during mentoring/tutoring or extra-curricular activities. Organisational and local culture can be a facilitator in this abuse and allow it to continue even when concerns are raised. Practical prevention measures are suggested to assist in reducing future abuse.     

Keeping the Barbarians Outside the Gate? Comparing Burglary Victimization in Gated and Non-Gated Communities

Despite the widely-held belief that gated communities are safer than their non-gated counterparts, little is known about the veracity of this assumption. Explanations rooted in routine activity theory and situational crime prevention suggest that restricted entry would reduce crime. Alternative explanations hypothesize that the overuse of security may actually increase crime. The present study explores this issue by comparing burglary victimizations in gated and non-gated communities using data from the National Crime Victimization Survey. We find support for the hypothesis that housing units in gated communities experience less burglary than their non-gated counterparts. Our findings also emphasize the diversity of gated communities and their residents, which is in stark contrast to commonly held perceptions of these areas as affluent enclaves. Future research is needed to further explore this initial finding and assess the influence, if any, of gated communities on other types of crime such as intimate violence and vandalism.     

新疆恐怖主义犯罪成因分析与对策研究

恐怖主义是当代世界国家、民族、阶级、宗教等各种尖锐、复杂矛盾的反映,它有着深刻、复杂的社会和政治原因。自“7·5”事件以来,新疆恐怖主义犯罪问题受到了国内外的广泛关注。因此,进一步探讨新疆恐怖主义犯罪的本质及其产生的原因,对今后如何更好地打击、防范新疆的恐怖主义犯罪具有重要意义。     

When Crime is not an Option: Inspecting the Moral Filtering of Criminal Action Alternatives

Many theories assume legal compliance stems from rational deliberations about consequences of disobedience. In contrast, morality theories such as Wikström’s Situational Action Theory contend personal morality and moral contexts provide a “filter” prohibiting some people from perceiving and contemplating criminal actions as realistic possibilities. We examine this moral filtering hypothesis using face-to-face household survey data from 573 adults in the Dhaka District of Bangladesh. Results suggest individuals with higher levels of personal morality (moral beliefs; guilt from contemplating violence; moral identity; emotional empathy) and exposure to strong moral settings are less likely to contemplate aggressive and violent actions in response to a provocation. Furthermore, these dimensions of personal and contextual morality appear to be indirectly linked to violent criminal actions through individuals’ tendencies to contemplate aggressive actions when provoked. Overall, our initial inspection of the moral filter hypothesis provides substantial support and highlights areas for theoretical clarification and additional research.     

论新生代农民工自救犯罪的特点及原因

所谓新生代农民工自救犯罪,是指新生代农民工在面临对自身生存发展构成的威胁或合法权益遭受侵害时,依靠自己的力量,以非法手段和方式来维护自身权益的犯罪行为,具有犯罪手段暴力化、犯罪主体低龄化、犯罪形式团伙化、犯罪对象确定化、犯罪动机简单化、犯罪事先有预谋等特点。公力救济难到位和社会保障水平低是新生代农民工自救犯罪的外在原因;用人单位违规失信是新生代农民工自救犯罪的直接原因;行为人的人格扭曲是新生代农民工自救犯罪的内在起因。