枪弹创前置物射入口形态学的实验研究

为建立前置物射入口与典型射入口的检验鉴别方法，使用国产54式7.62mm口径手枪及56式7．62mm口径半自动步枪，以3m的距离射击约克夏种白猪义3只，同时以各种玻璃、木板。汽车门、动物躯干等物质作为中间障碍物，制成前置物射入口36例，并与对照组6例射入口进行对比观察。结果显示，前置物射入口较典型射入口增大，撕裂，创线挫伤增宽，创周出现卫星创或假点彩，创道内异物及弹头严重变形。此检验诊断方法有助于法医在实际检验中对射击距离的判断和对现场环境的分析。     

大鼠骨骼肌挫伤后Fzd2表达与损伤时间的关系

目的检测大鼠骨骼肌挫伤后卷曲受体蛋白2(frizzled-2,Fzd2)mRNA及其蛋白表达量与损伤时间的关系,探讨其是否可以作为损伤时间推断的指标。方法利用RT-qPCR和Western印迹法检测正常对照组及损伤后4~48 h每4 h大鼠骨骼肌中Fzd2 mRNA和蛋白水平的表达量。结果 Fzd2 mRNA在损伤后24 h、36 h、40 h相对表达量增高,24 h组表达量达正常对照组的两倍(P0.05);而Fzd2蛋白在损伤后相对表达量变化不明显(P0.05)。结论大鼠骨骼肌损伤后Fzd2 mRNA在一定时间内的表达变化情况可以作为多指标联合推断损伤时间的依据。     

The use of a tunable light source (Mini-Crimescope MCS-400, SPEX Forensics) in dissecting microscopic detection of cryptic epithelial particles

As skin particles are often deposited by even a single skin contact, the detection of skin debris is important for evidence collection and DNA testing. Unfortunately, even when a dissecting microscope is used by an experienced examiner, epidermal particles are often hard to find and these traces of evidence might escape DNA analysis. Fluorescence is defined as the property of absorbing short-wavelength light and emitting longer-wavelength light. By virtue of the fluorescence characteristics of many target materials, tunable light sources assist in the macroscopic search of crime scenes and items. We combined the dissecting microscope and an alternate light source to examine the fluorescence characteristics of skin and skin particles. In a comparative study, small skin scales were hidden between sand, fibers, and soil probes, and it proved possible to search more successfully with less time and effort. On staged casework exhibits, the efficiency of the screening aid was again tested and the usability of the new procedure shown.     

小鼠皮肤切创后calpain1和calpain2的表达

目的观察小鼠皮肤切创愈合过程中calpain1和calpain2表达变化。方法应用免疫组织化学染色技术检测小鼠皮肤切创后calpain1和calpain2的表达。结果对照组的calpain1和calpain2均有表达,伤后1d calpain1阳性细胞率显著增加,达最大值。伤后3d阳性细胞比率显著下降。伤后5d阳性细胞比率再次显著增加,以后逐渐下降。伤后1d calpain2阳性细胞比率显著增加,伤后3d阳性细胞比率显著下降,达最低值。伤后5d阳性细胞比率再次显著增加,达最大值。伤后7d至10d,阳性细胞比率逐渐下降。结论小鼠皮肤切创后,calpain1和calpain2的表达随愈合时间而呈现双峰式变化。     

Inquiry into the Scientific Basis for Bitemark Profiling and Arbitrary Distortion Compensation

Abstract: Prediction of dental characteristics from a bitemark (bitemark profiling) and arbitrary photographic distortion compensation are two practices proposed in bitemark analysis. Recent research on the effect of inherent skin tension properties in bitemark analysis suggests that these practices are subject to review. A biting apparatus was used to create 66 bitemarks in human cadaver skin. The bitemarks were photographed, sized 1:1, and evaluated with Adobe Photoshop^®. Metric/angular measurements and hollow volume dental overlays were employed. Distortion produced was calculated and assessed. Results showed distortional ranges were nonuniform both between bites, as well as within each bite. Thus, enlarging/decreasing the photograph uniformly would not correct the distortion that resulted. With regard to bitemark profiling, 38% of the bites created patterns that could be misleading if profiled. Features were present/absent that were inconsistent with the biter’s dentition. Conclusions indicate bitemark profiling and arbitrary distortion compensation may be inadvisable.     

Less‐Lethal Hybrid Ammunition Wounds: A Forensic Assessment Introducing Bullet‐Skin‐Bone Entity

Abstract: Agencies all around the world now use less‐lethal weapons with homogeneous missiles such as bean bag or rubber bullets. Contusions and sometimes significant morbidity have been reported. This study focuses on wounds caused by hybrid ammunition with the pathologists’ flap‐by‐flap procedure. Twenty‐four postmortem human subjects were used, and lesions caused on frontal, temporal, sternal, and left tibial regions by a 40‐mm hybrid ammunition (33 g weight) were evaluated on various distance range. The 50% risk of fractures occurred at 79.2 m/sec on the forehead, 72.9 m/sec on the temporal, 72.5 m/sec on the sternum, and 76.7 m/sec on the tibia. Skin lesions were not predictors of bone fracture. There was no correlation between soft and bone tissue observed lesions and impact velocity (correlated to distance range). Lesions observed with hybrid ammunition were the result of bullet‐skin‐bone entity as the interaction of the projectile on skin and bone tissues.     

Shooting Through Clothing in Firearm Suicides

Abstract: There is a longstanding empirical rule that people who commit suicide rarely shoot through their clothing, but rather put it aside to expose the nude skin. Signs of shots through clothing have always been considered suspicious, raising presumptions of the presence of an abettor. Our report, based on a retrospective study of fatal suicidal firearm injuries from the years 1980 to 2007, points out that suicide victims only rarely remove clothing from the site of the future entry wound. The report covered 43 cases with fatal gunshot wounds in the area of the thorax, with only four persons (9%) removing the clothing present in the area of the subsequent self‐inflicted wound. Defects present on the clothing of a victim cannot, therefore, be understood as an absolute criterion for disproving the possibility of suicide, and nor do they necessarily indicate an unfortunate accident or homicide. If, however, the suicide victim removes the clothing from the area of the future wound, then this is almost always an indication of suicide.     

小鼠皮肤切创愈合过程中M_3型乙酰胆碱受体的表达

目的 探讨小鼠皮肤切创愈合过程中损伤区M3受体的表达及其随时间的变化规律.方法 应用免疫组织化学染色和Western印迹技术检测小鼠皮肤切创后不同时间段M3受体的变化情况.结果 正常皮肤组织的表皮、毛囊、皮脂腺、汗腺、皮肌层等均表达M3受体.伤后6～12h,损伤区M3受体阳性细胞以多形核粒细胞为主;1～3d,M3受体阳性细胞以单个核细胞和成纤维细胞为主;5～14d,M3受体阳性细胞主要为成纤维细胞.阳性细胞率在伤后6～12h逐渐增高,12h达高峰,1～5d略有下降,但保持较高水平,7d阳性细胞率再次达到峰值,随后逐渐降低.通过Westem印迹法检测显示,各个时间段均有M3受体阳性条带,其中12h和7d为M3受体两个表达高峰.结论 多形核粒细胞、单个核细胞和成纤维细胞均表达M3受体,提示其可能在皮肤切创愈合过程中起重要的作用;M3受体表达的规律性变化可用于损伤时间的推断.     

An exploratory study of women prisoners’ attitudes towards their self-harm and the use of medical skin camouflage

Self-harm is a growing problem in UK prisons with women self-harming more than men. Self-harm can leave permanent scarring. Research on scarring suggests that living with scars can lead to psychological difficulties; however, there is little research on the specific effects of self-harm scars. Medical skin camouflage (MSC) can be used to cover numerous skin conditions. The use of MSC for women in prison with self-harm scars has not been examined previously. A focus group involving 10 women prisoners aimed to (1) explore feelings about self-harm scars, (2) examine effects that scars have on life in prison and (3) examine thoughts on using MSC in prison. This group formed part of a larger project designed to test the feasibility and acceptability of MSC for women who self-harm in prison. A topic guide was created with two service user researchers with experience of self-harm in prison. The results have been divided into three themes: (1) feelings about self-harm scars, (2) covering self-harm scars and (3) attitudes towards MSC. Our findings indicate that women in prison tend to feel embarrassed and self-conscious about their scars, and the presence of scars affects their relationships within prison. The women were enthusiastic about MSC, suggesting that it has the potential to affect women’s well-being and ability to engage with others.     

Forensic Radiology Pitfalls: CT Imaging in Gunshot Wounds of the Head

Computed tomography (CT) imaging is increasingly used in emergency departments and trauma services and is being offered as a supplemental tool with autopsy in coroner's and medical examiner's offices throughout the United States. The availability of CT images in lieu of traditional X‐rays for medicolegal autopsies may lead to misinterpretation of images for forensic pathologists who are not familiar with these types of images. Forensic pathologists must become familiar with CT imaging, the basis of CT image formation and how to interpret CT images appropriately. We highlight potential pitfalls of CT image interpretation through two cases of fatal gunshot wounds of the head. Antemortem CT imaging available at the time of autopsy led to discrepancy between the initial image findings and the autopsy due to inexperienced manipulation of the images. With appropriate understanding of CT image interpretation and manipulation, forensic personnel should be able to avoid most sources of misinterpretation.