Sleep deprivation does not mimic alcohol intoxication on field sobriety testing

Previous research shows that sleep deprivation (SD) produces cognitive impairment similar to that caused by alcohol intoxication. Individual studies suggest that SD also causes deficits in motor skills that could be mistaken for intoxication. Consequently, SD often is used as a defense when an impaired driver is charged with driving while intoxicated. Twenty-nine adult subjects participated in two test sessions each, one after a full night's rest and the other after wakefulness of at least 24 h. Subjects consumed prescribed amounts of alcohol during each session. Law enforcement officers conducted field sobriety tests identical to those with which a driver would be assessed at roadside. Researchers also measured clinical responses of visual function and vital signs. The presence and number of validated impairment clues increase with increasing blood alcohol concentration but not with SD. Thus, SD does not affect motor skills in a manner that would lead an officer to conclude that the suspect is intoxicated, unless intoxication also is present.     

指定监视居住法律属性之辨——兼论“剥夺人身自由”的审查

在2012年《刑事诉讼法》中,指定监视居住被定性为羁押替代措施。但是,指定监视居住的制度性特征与传统的非羁押性措施格格不入。立法上指定监视居住的定位混乱一定程度上源于非羁押措施的传统理论界定不清晰。世界范围内人身性强制措施的发展早已模糊了传统理论划分的羁押与非羁押的边界。根据国际人权法的相关规定,对一项人身性强制措施进行定性,不依据该措施的法律称谓,而是审查该措施是否会造成被追诉人处于被剥夺人身自由的状态。以"剥夺人身自由"的具体标准审视指定监视居住制度,可以认定,指定监视居住实际上已经等同于逮捕后的羁押措施。指定监视居住的立法定性是失当的,由此会带来诸多负面后果。     

大鼠皮质神经细胞缺氧缺糖损伤后MAP-2表达变化规律

目的观察原代培养大鼠大脑皮质神经细胞缺氧缺糖（OGD）损伤24h内的形态学及微管相关蛋白2（MAP-2）表达变化。方法使用出生1-2d的Wistar大鼠,取大脑皮质神经细胞进行原代培养,用连二亚硫酸钠加低糖培养基制作神经细胞OGD损伤模型,损伤后应用倒置显微镜观察形态学变化,Western印迹法观察MAP-2蛋白表达变化。结果原代培养大鼠大脑皮质神经细胞OGD损伤后1h,少数神经细胞突起缩短;伤后6-12h神经细胞胞体明显皱缩,多数细胞突起缩短或消失;伤后24h神经细胞形态部分恢复,部分突起重新出现。Western印迹法显示,MAP-2在神经细胞OGD损伤后1h表达降低,伤后12h达低谷,24h表达升高。结论 OGD损伤后,原代培养大鼠大脑皮质神经细胞的形态及MAP-2表达随时间呈现一定的规律性变化。     

The Radicalization of Homegrown Jihadists: A Review of Theoretical Models and Social Psychological Evidence

This article attempts to consolidate theorizing about the radicalization of Western homegrown jihadists. Five major models of radicalization are reviewed. The commonalities and discrepancies among these models are identified and analyzed in the context of empirical evidence in the field of terrorism research and social psychology. Three psychological factors emerge as contributors to radicalization: group relative deprivation, identity conflicts, and personality characteristics. Avenues for future research concerning the radicalization of homegrown jihadists are suggested, focusing on research that may not only be practical for counter-terrorism, but also feasible given the challenges of research with radicalized individuals.     

Spotlight on the Main Actors: How Land Banks and Community Development Corporations Stabilize and Revitalize Cleveland Neighborhoods in the Aftermath of the Foreclosure Crisis

Cleveland, Ohio provides a useful case for examining and contrasting property transfer practices among certain key actors before, during, and after the foreclosure crisis. Transfers among key actors—Cleveland’s two land banks, the State of Ohio, Fannie Mae, investors, and community development corporations (CDCs)—differed considerably. This article empirically shows that inappropriate property transfer practices by financial institutions and speculator-type investors negatively impacted neighborhoods, compounding the damage brought on by the foreclosure crisis. By contrast, a case study of one of the hardest hit neighborhoods in Cleveland finds that the land banks and CDC are producing positive outcomes. A proactive land bank as a conduit and robust CDCs as a project promoter are an effective combination to cope with vacant and abandoned properties.     

Protest participation and economic crisis: The conditioning role of political opportunities

The economic crisis that started in 2008 has negatively affected European nations to different degrees. The sudden rise in demonstrations particularly in those countries most hard hit by the crisis suggests that grievance theories, dismissed in favour of resource‐based models since the 1970s, might have a role to play in explaining protest behaviour. While most previous studies have tested these theories at the individual or contextual levels, it is likely that mechanisms at both levels are interrelated. To fill this lacuna, this article examines the ways in which individual‐level grievances interact with macro‐level factors to impact on protest behaviour. In particular, it examines whether the impact of individual subjective feelings of deprivation is conditional on contextual macroeconomic and policy factors. It is found that while individual‐level relative deprivation has a direct effect on the propensity to have protested in the last year, this effect is greater under certain macroeconomic and political conditions. Both significant results for the cross‐level interactions are interpreted in terms of their role for opening up political opportunities for protest among those who feel they have been most deprived in the current crisis. These findings suggest that the interaction of the contextual and individual levels should continue to be explored in future studies in order to further clarify the mechanisms underlying protest behaviour.     

针刺对睡眠剥夺受试者面部红外热成像的影响

目的 观察针刺对睡眠剥夺受试者面部新陈代谢热的影响。方法 将64例健康青年受试者随机分为4组：正常睡眠组（A组）、睡眠剥夺组（B组）、睡眠剥夺与小醒脑开窍针法配合申脉、照海穴针刺治疗组（C组）和睡眠剥夺与非经非穴针刺治疗组（D组）。A组保持正常睡眠状态,对B、C、D组同时进行24 h睡眠剥夺,次日应用红外热成像技术检测4组受试者面部热值,及观察C、D组针刺治疗后面部热值的变化。结果 红外热成像图显示,A组面部呈温热状态,B、C、D组面部呈高热状态。A组热值显著低于B组、C组和D组（P<0.05）。B、C、D 3组热值多重比较,差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。C、D组针刺治疗后面部热值均较治疗前显著下降（P<0.05）,但C组治疗后面部热值降低值显著大于D组（P<0.05）。结论 睡眠剥夺可导致面部热值升高,小醒脑开窍针法配合申脉、照海穴针刺能够降低睡眠剥夺者面部较高热值,且疗效优于非经非穴针法。     

"相对剥夺"理论视角下的农村盗窃问题研究

当前新农村建设如火如荼,可愈演愈烈的农村盗窃问题却严重影响着新农村建设的全面协调发展。本文试运用“相对剥夺”理论对农村盗窃问题予以探讨,以揭示农村盗窃问题产生的深层根源,并据此提出解决农村盗窃问题的措施,从而有效遏制及防止农村盗窃问题的发生,最终保障社会主义新农村建设的顺利进行。     

A Multi-Drug Intoxication Fatality Involving Xyrem® (GHB)

Abstract:  Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is best known as a recreational depressant drug, whose use has also been implicated in drug facilitated sexual assault cases. It is also available as a therapeutic agent (Xyrem^®) used for the treatment of daytime sleepiness or cataplexy associated with narcolepsy. This is a report of a case of a 53-year-old woman undergoing treatment with Xyrem^® for narcolepsy. The decedent was also prescribed tramadol, gabapentin, cetirizine, modafinil, carisoprodol, and Xyrem^®. Toxicological analysis of the blood revealed GHB 165.6 mg/L, and 90.7 mg/L in the urine. Blood GHB concentrations in the range 156–260 mg/L have been reported to induce moderately sound sleep. The combined use of central nervous system depressant drugs, together with her problematic sleep apnea, and snoring (both contraindications for GHB use) were determined to have caused this subject's death. The manner of death was determined to be accidental.