刑事司法活动中的人权保护——遏制刑讯逼供对策浅议

刑事司法中的人权保护是宪政权利保护制度的重要组成部分,而司法实践中存在的刑讯逼供已经成为严重侵犯犯罪嫌疑人、被告人人权的顽疾。我们应针对刑讯逼供现象产生的原因,分析探讨遏制刑讯逼供的有效对策。     

作为一种制度权利的人权

权利是它的所有者通过法律、道德、秩序或其他形式而获得的有利地位。实证性权利既包括制度性的经验事物如国家和契约,也包括观念性的现实事物如自由和习惯。由于无论国家还是契约,自由还是习惯,都有其不能脱离先在的权利来谈论的局限,因此,权利的来源往往被追溯到具有逻辑先在性的东西那里。传统自然法理论把自然权利看作是实证权利的前提,现代人权理论则否认有脱离制度安排的抽象权利。从地位而不是从来源出发来理解人权,是现代人权概念区别于传统自然权利概念的最大特点。     

我国农村社会保障现状及发展思路初探

农村社会保障体系建设既十分迫切,又非一蹴而就。本文在对当前我国农村社会保障现状及存在问题进行分析的基础上,借鉴国际经验,从我国国情出发,提出了建设我国农村社会保障体系的基本原则和工作思路,重点建立贫困人口生活救助制度,加快推进新型农村合作医疗,稳步探索农村养老保险,积极支持慈善事业发展,提升社会福利水平。     

Schools and the prevention of petty crime: Search for a missing link

Earlier research on the relation between school features and petty crime suggests that schools can intentionally influence the crime rate of the pupils. These findings were the starting point for a Dutch study at secondary schools of the same type in Dutch towns. The study focused on effects on the delinquency of third-year low-stream pupils (aged 15–17). For the study a control theory was formulated, a conditional control theory, which, in contrast to Hirschi's social control theory, recognizes possible delinquent influences of the pupils' network. In the study a strong statistical relation between integration of pupils in school and petty crime was found. However, I found almost no influence of the studied school features on integration and petty crime. These results led to the question whether the real important feature of schools had been neglected in the study. This seems not to be the case. A multilevel analysis shows that it is unlikely that there is major impact of schools on the integration of pupils, on delinquency, or on the relationship between integration and delinquency. This can be the result of special aspects of the Dutch school system and of the neglect of theory in earlier research.     

Integrating societal and psychological rules of entitlement: The basic task of each social actor and fundamental problem for the social sciences

A preliminary statement of a theoretical framework integrating psychological and societal determinants of justice in human affairs is presented. It is proposed that the social structure provides the rules of entitlement and decision making that regulate the course of routine social interaction. These societally based norms are representable in people's conscious thought processes. By contrast, the psychologically generated rules of entitlement, typically contradict conventionally accepted rules of thought and discourse and thus remain unconscious. The major part of the discussion considers the motivationally important circumstances that engage the unconscious psychologically compelling determinants and how their appearance in behavior is both shaped and legitimized by the situationally prevailing normative context. The final section considers some of the more important methodological, theoretical, and social policy implications of this social psychological theory of entitlements.     

暗网环境下恐怖主义信息挖掘与分析

随着互联网和人工智能的快速发展,恐怖主义活动方式变得更为隐秘。网络恐怖主义活动空间从表网的在线社区与视频分享平台转向暗网黑市交易和暗网论坛。针对暗网节点通信和交易信息高度匿名等特点,相应的反恐工作需要采取新的技术手段,以深度切入恐怖分子用于扩大影响的暗网空间。为此,可以设计和优化专门适用于暗网的聚焦爬虫工具,挖掘恐怖主义活动信息;可以搭建涉恐事件数据模型,分析恐怖组织可能的线下攻击手段;可以利用社会网络分析和超链接分析方法,定位暗网内恐怖主义隐蔽社区和危险用户集群。通过准确把握暗网中的匿名恐怖主义活动规律,抓住安全监控与防范的重点、难点,综合施策,以及适时制定和精准实施反恐网络安全策略,能够最大限度遏制暗网恐怖主义的危害,保护国家安全和人民利益。     

Social Media Influence on Diplomatic Negotiation: Shifting the Shape of the Table

Social media is changing not only the atmosphere in which international negotiations take place; it is also changing the very substance of the deals. Because of the pace and proliferation of social media, negotiators must read “weak signals” early on—and anticipate a quickly organized, highly motivated opposition. However, diplomatic negotiators still lack the tools to engage in this sort of anticipatory strategy design. This article examines two recent cases, one involving the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership and the other involving a German Constitutional Court’s ruling on the European Central Bank’s Public Debt Purchasing Program, in which social media had a highly disruptive, unanticipated impact on international negotiations—to the point of forcing negotiators’ hands—and suggests institutional remedies to better anticipate the catalytic impact of advancing technology on diplomatic interactions.     

Zwischen Kultur und Kalkül? Vertrauen und Sozialkapital im Kontext der neoinstitutionalistischen Wende

Trust and social capital work in social networks as informal institutions, favouring cooperation between the participants of such social interaction. However, the increasing use of both terms has been accompanied by vanishing conceptual and theoretical precision. In order to counterbalance this development this article tries to clarify some of the major puzzles connected with both terms. First, we embed trust and social capital within the institutionalist turn in political science. Second however, we demonstrate that trust and social capital have been modelled from at least two perspectives: sociological institutionalism and economic institutionalism. Furthermore, attempts of combining those approaches have lead to decreasing theoretical consistency. Finally, we propose that economic institutionalism is theoretically and empirically more fruitful to explain the creation and destruction of social capital.     

论权利主体

权利主体可以归结为两种基本形态--作为权利主体的自我(公民)和作为权利主体的大我(法人).个人只有取得公民的资格,拥有权利能力和行为能力,并拥有权利能力的指向物时,才能成为权利主体.大我是公意的人格化或人格体.在法人行使权利时,支配的自然过程与支配的社会过程必然发生分离.权利主体之间最基本的原则是:所有权的神圣不可侵犯、契约自由和权利主体在法律面前的平等.