Performance Study of a Score‐based Likelihood Ratio System for Forensic Fingermark Comparison

In this article, the performance of a score‐based likelihood ratio (LR) system for comparisons of fingerprints with fingermarks is studied. The system is based on an automated fingerprint identification system (AFIS) comparison algorithm and focuses on fingerprint comparisons where the fingermarks contain 6–11 minutiae. The hypotheses under consideration are evaluated at the level of the person, not the finger. The LRs are presented with bootstrap intervals indicating the sampling uncertainty involved. Several aspects of the performance are measured: leave‐one‐out cross‐validation is applied, and rates of misleading evidence are studied in two ways. A simulation study is performed to study the coverage of the bootstrap intervals. The results indicate that the evidential strength for same source comparisons that do not meet the Dutch twelve‐point standard may be substantial. The methods used can be generalized to measure the performance of score‐based LR systems in other fields of forensic science.     

论东盟五国的国家竞争力

在全球化时代,各国的国际竞争力是参与经济全球化的前提条件和核心内容。本文借鉴和运用当代国际竞争力理论与评价体系,分析东盟五国国家竞争力的形成与发展,对影响各国国家竞争力的要素结构(国内经济实力、政府管理、基础设施、科技发展和国民素质等)进行剖析,探索全球化进程中东盟五国国家竞争力的基本特征和发展趋势。     

论爱国主义的“硬核力量”

爱国主义是表达个人对祖国依赖关系的真挚情感、道德准则、政治认同和坚定行动,在新时代的中国迸发出强大的力量。爱国主义的"硬核力量"体现在:它是源自中华民族悠久历史的持久力量、是发自中国人内心世界的深沉力量、是汇聚亿万人智慧汗水的磅礴力量、是转化为国家综合实力的强盛力量。爱国主义的"硬核力量"汇聚成礼赞新中国、奋进新时代的前进洪流,给我们增添了无穷正能量。     

Creating norms around the Eastern Mediterranean energy resources as a necessary means of security

ABSTRACT

The energy discoveries in the Eastern Mediterranean since the 2000s have placed the long-standing rivalry between Turkey and Cyprus (and by extension Greece) in a new context, bringing also Egypt and Israel into the geopolitical equation. Turkey, on the one hand, has adopted an assertive profile, whereas, on the other hand, two axes of cooperation have been formed, Greece-Cyprus-Egypt and Greece-Cyprus-Israel, convening trilateral summits and signing agreements. In view of that, it is currently upheld that the confluence of energy interests among the actors of the trilateral summits has facilitated a legalisation throughout the Eastern Mediterranean, propelling states towards the development of the energy resources according to the UNCLOS, and the implementation of the international law in the Cyprus problem, as a necessary means of guaranteeing the actors’ sovereignty, creating norms, and enhancing security, without targeting any third country. The argument shows how legalisation, as a special form of institutionalisation, and soft law, in particular, nurture regional cooperation and place it under the “protective wings” of international institutions.     

Softening the surface but hardening the core? Governing renewable energy in the EU

Abstract

Soft law and governance captured the attention of scholars in the 2000s, and new policy challenges and the novel introduction of ‘harder’ elements now drive a (re)turn to these discussions. This article explores the extent to which dynamics leading towards ‘harder soft governance’ (HSG) appear in the EU’s renewable energy governance by comparing the 2020 and 2030 Renewable Energy Directives. Document analysis and interviews reveal a surface-level softening because the new 2030 directive contains no binding national targets for the Member States. An entrepreneurial Commission has been seeking to introduce ‘harder elements’ at the core by focusing on implementation, allowing for potentially deeper influence on the national energy mixes though the Energy Union. Two main factors drive these changes: the evolving international context of climate change governance, as well as re-configurations of the actors in the EU. Future research should explore the effectiveness of emerging HSG in detail.     

European Union Soft Law: New Developments Concerning the Divide Between Legally Binding Force and Legal Effects

The judgment in Polska Telefonia Cyfrowa sheds light on the legal effects of soft law instruments that the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) will recognise, while distinguishing between their legally binding force and their legal or practical effects. European soft law is now often relied on in national courts, and can have an important impact on the rights and obligations of individuals. However, some of the goals of the Commission are only partly attainable due to the specific legal status of soft law instruments, and the current languages policy of the European Union. Given that soft law was not found to expressly impose obligations on individuals, the Court held that there was no requirement to publish it in all the official languages of the European Union. This has a negative impact on transparency and legal certainty, diminishing the role of soft law instruments in promoting such goals.     

论WTO对区域贸易安排的法律规制——从“软法”的角度

随着区域贸易安排浪潮的兴起,协调WTO与区域贸易安排之间的关系成为国际法学界关注的焦点之一。WTO有关区域贸易安排的规定用语模糊,各成员国对规定的理解存在较大分歧,专家组、上诉机构对此采取回避的态度。从"软法"的角度来看,这些规定"硬度"较小,属于软法的范畴。这种"软法"的特性在诸多方面契合了实用主义法学的特征,故而,WTO在处理其与区域贸易安排的关系方面宜采取实用主义法学的进路。     

挑战与回应:当前我军先进军事文化建设论析

先进军事文化作为重要的军事软实力,渗透在我军战斗力生成系统的诸要素之中,成为该系统的"催化剂"。面对新的形势和任务,我军先进军事文化建设面临着严峻挑战。在推进军事文化繁荣发展过程中,应充分发挥广大官兵主体作用,抓住军营文化建设这个重点,积极打造平台、拓宽途径、锐意创新、提升活力。     

“公安文化”教育初论

＂公安文化＂是社会主义先进文化的重要组成部分,繁荣的＂公安文化＂必将推动公安工作的发展和进步。公安院校承载着最主要的公安教育功能,在公安教育中,＂公安文化＂教育的实施和开展现状影响和制约着公安院校自身的发展,进而也会影响到整个公安工作的发展。在党的十七大和十七届六中全会精神的指引下,公安院校大力开展＂公安文化＂教育实属必然和必须。     

似然比在法庭说话人确认中的应用

本文把成功应用于DNA检验的证据评估方法（似然比）应用于法庭语音证据评估之中,提取语音的LPC作为识别特征,并使用45人电话对话录音中元音/a/作为样本进行了测试。结果表明该方法不仅能正确识别说话人,而且能根据当前嫌疑人样本和问题语音样本的差异,量化该语音样本作为证据的力度,为法庭提供科学合理的证据评估结果和科学解释。同时,自动特征提取的引入比起人工提取共振峰特征,提高了工作效率,识别系统性能也获得大幅提升。