Murder, Nonnegligent Manslaughter, and Spatial Autocorrelation in Mid-South Counties

In this paper we explore to what extent county murder and nonnegligentmanslaughter rates in the midsouth are spatially autocorrelated, usinga variety of spatial autocorrelation tests. The data are 3-year averages ofUCR murder and nonnegligent manslaughter rates from the 383 midsouthcounties. Moran's I statistics show a statistically significant amountof spatial autocorrelation in the murder and nonnegligent manslaughter ratesamong the 383 midsouth counties. G statistics, however, fail to detect aglobal pattern in this region. We also compute G _i statistics and localMoran's I statistics with these data and detect some patterns oflocalized spatial autocorrelation. We estimated and compared an MLE spatiallag model and an OLS model with constructs informed by socialdisorganization theory. The regression analysis failed to detect anysignificant spatial effects for the midsouth counties.     

基于城市经济区的福建省区域经济的空间组织

城市经济区作为统筹城市和区域发展的地域,其范围的界定对于区域经济的空间组织具有重要意义。文章首先从福建省社会经济发展的背景出发,提出了基于城市经济区的福建省区域经济的空间组织思路。然后,通过对福建省区域经济差异的分析,选取14个中心城市,运用零售引力模型,计算出了各个中心城市的吸引范围,并根据城市经济区划的原则把福建省划分为8个城市经济区。最后,从区内和区外两个方面出发,依据多增长极战略和点轴发展理论对福建省区域经济的空间构架进行了论述。     

LAND USE AND VIOLENT CRIME*

Although research has shown specific land uses to be related to crime, systematic investigation of land uses and violent crime has been less common. This study systematically examines links between land uses and violent crime and assesses whether such links are conditioned by socioeconomic disadvantage. We employ geocoded Uniform Crime Report (UCR) data from the Indianapolis police department and information on 30 categories of land use and demographic information from the 2000 U.S. Census. We use land use variables to predict violent crime counts in 1,000 × 1,000‐feet grid cells using negative binomial regression models. Results indicate that, net of other variables, specific land uses predict variation in counts for individual violent crimes and aggregate rates. Some nonresidential land uses are associated with higher violent crime counts, whereas others are associated with lower counts. Specific land uses also condition the effects of socioeconomic disadvantage on violent crime. The implications for routine activity/opportunity and social disorganization/collective efficacy theories of crime are discussed.     

视野空间注意的事件相关电位研究进展

在视野脑机制的研究中,事件相关电位（event-related potential,ERP）具有高时间分辨率的特点。近年来高密度记录技术和脑成像技术的发展,提高了ERP在脑功能定位方面的应用。本文概述了近年来有关ERP在视野空间注意研究的实验方法、结果和初步结论,并提出今后相关问题的研究方向及法医学意义。     

The electoral roots of unequal representation. A spatial modelling approach to party systems and voting in Western Europe

For a number of Western democracies, it has been observed that the preferences of poor and rich citizens are unequally represented in political institutions and outcomes. Yet, the causes of this phenomenon are still under debate. We focus on the role of elections in this process, by disentangling biases towards different income groups that stem from the party system and from voters’ behaviour. Our aim is to uncover whether elections as selection mechanisms contribute to unequal representation by analysing factors of the supply and demand sides of the electoral process. On the supply side, we focus on the congruence of parties’ policy offers and voters’ preference distributions. This shapes citizens’ possibilities to express their policy preferences. On the demand side, we are interested in the extent to which citizens from different income groups base their vote decisions on their policy preferences. The empirical analysis relies on the European Social Survey and the Chapel Hill Expert Survey and covers 13 Western European countries. Our results indicate, first, that the economic and cultural preferences of poor and rich citizens differ significantly, and second, that party systems in the countries under investigation represent the lowest income groups the worst, and the middle income groups the best. This makes it difficult for citizens at both the lower and the higher end of the income distribution to voice their preferences in elections. Additionally, we show that low income citizens tend to take policy less into consideration when making an electoral choice than richer citizens. Thus, while the rich make up for their representation bias by taking policy more into account in their voting behaviour, the electoral stage poses another obstacle for the poor to overcome the representation bias. In summary it can be said that already on the supply side there is an unbalanced disadvantage in terms of representation for the very poor and the very rich, but the pattern leads to an even more asymmetrical misrepresentation of the poor due to the election act.     

The methods and measures of centrography and the spatial dynamics of rape

Technique known as centrography are presented in order to demonstrate their utility for describing and measuring the salient features of a spatial distribution and for facilitating temporal and comparative analyses in discerning trends and contrasting spatial distributions of crime. Centrographic techniques are applied to a 5-year data set of lone-assailant rapes classified by type of offender. The results indicate that different classes of offenders have relatively distinctive spatial distributions. Moreover, changes in the spatial distributions of offender classes, through time, are not uniform.     

The Geography of the Recent Housing Crisis: The Role of Urban Form

This study maps the geography of the recent housing crisis within and across American metropolitan areas, and evaluates how it is related to a series of spatial and socioeconomic variables at neighborhood and metropolitan levels. It finds that the spatial patterns of housing recessions vary widely by region. In general, fast-growing metropolitan areas in the Southwest and Florida experienced not only deeper but also longer housing recessions. In contrast, metropolitan areas in the South (except in Florida) saw shallower and shorter housing recessions. Metropolitan areas in the Midwest and Northeast had fewer price declines in the crisis, but their housing recessions tended to be longer. Housing recessions tend to be deeper and longer in larger metropolitan areas. Neighborhoods located closer to city centers experienced shallower and shorter recessions compared with those in fringe areas. Even after controlling for many other variables, automobile dependency is still a strong and positive predictor of housing recession depth and duration. The effects of other urban form variables, such as land-use density and mixed use, are mixed and vary by region. The significance of the effects of neighborhood demographic variables on recession depth is highly dependent on the inclusion of high-risk loan in the model, suggesting that predatory and high-risk lending is one major reason why lower income and minority neighborhoods were hit harder by the recent housing crisis. The effects of high-risk loan and neighborhood demographic variables on housing recession duration, however, are rather weak.     

益气养阴活血法对糖尿病合并脑缺血大鼠海马脑源性神经营养因子表达及空间学习记忆的影响

目的 观察益气养阴活血法对糖尿病合并脑缺血大鼠空间学习记忆能力及脑源性神经营养因子（brain derived neurotrophic factor, BDNF）表达的影响,并运用工具药（BDNF的Trk受体抑制剂）证实BDNF通路在其中的作用。方法 将大鼠分为假手术组、模型对照组（糖尿病合并脑缺血伴气阴两虚、瘀血阻络证）、益气养阴活血组、益气养阴活血+K252a组、益气活血组,每组20只,选用具有益气养阴活血作用的人参、川芎、玉竹、黄精组合,运用免疫组织化学法和Morris水迷宫实验观察益气养阴活血药对糖尿病合并脑缺血模型大鼠空间学习记忆的作用及对BDNF表达的影响。结果 与模型对照组比较,益气养阴活血药物和益气活血药物均可以明显增加糖尿病合并脑缺血大鼠海马齿状回BDNF的表达（P<0.01）,益气养阴活血药物显著缩短模型大鼠找到水下平台的潜伏期（P<0.01）,益气养阴活血药物和益气活血药物均显著延长大鼠在原水下平台的停留时间（P<0.05,或P<0.01）,其中益气养阴活血药物效果优于益气活血药物（P<0.05）。侧脑室注射K252a可以阻断益气养阴活血药物促进模型大鼠的空间记忆能力的恢复（P<0.01）。结论 益气养阴活血药物可能通过促进模型大鼠海马齿状回BDNF的表达而改善空间记忆功能。