近代法律概念理论的语境分析——以奥斯丁和丘汉平为比较视点

通过以奥斯丁和丘汉平为个案的中西比较,对法律理论的周边语境进行分析,是新型知识社会学在法学中的一种探索,可以更为深入地理解近代法学理论的历史发动,进而深入理解发展至今的世界法学运作的内在隐蔽含义。     

溯因推理新论——法律论证的视角

溯因推理具有显著的特征：或然性（假设性）、逆向性、非单调性、语用性和创新性.溯因推理研究的新进路在于,其发生了语用学的转向以及语用论证（论辩）的转向.在法律方法（法律适用）和法律逻辑的视域,溯因推理的研究及其运用,长期困固于刑事侦查领域中,对于其在司法判决（审判阶段中）作为一种法律论证方法以解决疑难案件的论证则少有使用.以法律论证为视角,用一例只有被害人陈述为直接证据的强奸案件为例,通过对传统证据链模式的分析,提出印证式证据链模式和排除式证据链模式,建立溯因推理的正向溯因推理模式和反向溯因推理模式,并在案件证据所呈现的情境下建构法律语境,展现溯因推理在具体案件中的法律论证,以期能为我国司法判决实现合理性和正当性,提供一种新的论证模式或方法.     

Eye-closure improves memory for a witnessed event under naturalistic conditions

Eye-closure may help people remember live and videotaped mundane events and videotaped violent events. The present study extended this research by examining memory for a forensically relevant live event (a staged verbal altercation) and by interviewing witnesses under naturalistic conditions. Ninety-six witnesses were interviewed either inside in a quiet setting or outside on a busy street, with eyes open or closed. In free recall, eye-closure significantly increased the number of correct details reported, without harming testimonial accuracy. These benefits were significant for witnesses interviewed inside but not for witnesses interviewed outside. This finding highlights the potential role of spontaneous mental context reinstatement in the eye-closure effect. In cued recall, eye-closure improved fine-grain correct recall of visual details for both groups of witnesses. From an applied perspective, the findings suggest that police interviewers should instruct witnesses to close their eyes, both during initial statements taken on the street and during full interviews conducted at the police station.     

Councillors in Context: The Impact of Place upon Elected Representatives

Abstract

The time investment in council duties and the roles adopted by local councillors in Britain have been studied extensively but rarely has research incorporated information about the type of area represented. This article combines individual-level survey responses from councillors with aggregate-level data that describe characteristics of the wards that elect each councillor. The survey data report each councillor’s social and political characteristics, the average hours per week performing council duties and the range and frequency of activities undertaken. The ward-level data include a measure of relative social deprivation, electoral competitiveness and other features. The analysis shows that councillors representing relatively deprived areas spend more time on council activities than do councillors representing more affluent areas. The activities that councillors pursue, especially whether they are proactive or reactive towards constituents, relate to the ward context. Women and people that are retired from work also invest relatively more time in their work as councillors. These findings establish that assessments of what councillors do and the roles that they might adopt should take account of the types of ward being represented.     

国际侦查合作中的特定犯罪不合作原则

国际侦查合作是基于诉讼进程的角度将国际刑事司法合作进行纵向划分所形成的理论范畴,对于其基本原则的研究是建构该理论体系的基础和前提.作为各国参与国际侦查合作的前提条件之一,特定犯罪不合作原则具有重要的基础性意义.在对相关的国际公约、双边条约或协定以及国内法进行比较考察的基础上,运用刑事诉讼法学以及刑法学的基本原理,论证和阐释了特定犯罪不合作原则的由来、特定犯罪范围的确定及其价值功能,并且结合司法实践归纳出特定犯罪不合作原则的发展方向.     

论合同免责条款的解释

随着经济交往中不稳定因素的增加,当事人预先通过合同免责条款对未来可能出现的风险进行分配,体现了一定经济上的合理性.但由于文字、技术或当事人之间存在实质契约地位的不平等,而需要对争议的免责条款进行解释,以平衡利益.免责条款要在合同整体中加以解释,对于合同解释的一般规则在此理应适用,但因其对当事人利益影响较大,还需考虑一些特别规则.     

判决被告重作具体行政行为探析

对行政诉讼中判决被告重作具体行政行为应具备的条件、重作具体行政行为的期限、逾期不重作具体行政行为应承担的法律责任、重作具体行政行为的法律限制及其司法监督等问题进行了分析与探讨.     

中国民法典总则与分则之间的统辖遵从关系

我国即将通过的民法典包括一千二百多个条文,采取总则与分则相区分的立法模式。这种立法模式是立法体系化和科学化的结果,具有既节约立法成本又方便学习贯彻的优势。从民法发展历史来看,我国民法典编纂采取这种体例模式有其必要性和科学性。在总则与分则相区分的体例下,我国民法典总则编集中体现了立法者的指导思想,规定了民法基本原则和一般规则,充分贯彻了民法基本科学原理,对全部分则的规定具有统辖作用。解决民法典庞大的规范和制度群之间的体系逻辑问题,指出总则与分则之间分工合作、统辖遵从的逻辑关系,提出以总则编作为民法典整体的思想基础、规则效力基础、法理解读科学性基础,是理解民法典体系的关键,亦有助于澄清在我国民法典编纂"两步走"规划的特殊背景下,民法典分则一些编章编纂过程中出现的轻视甚至脱离民法典总则编规则的法理混乱。     

高等学校对学生纪律处分的法理分析

由于高等学校对学生纪律处分和纠纷解决的立法不完善,导致各高校纪律处分的实施和对被处分学生的救济方式大相径庭。本文探讨了高校纪律处分的法律依据、纪律处分的性质及其与行政处罚的关系,认为高校纪律处分是一种惩戒性的具体行政行为,被处分学生不服可以提起行政诉讼。