霍姆斯大法官的言论自由观——“明显且现实的危险”原则的发展

霍姆斯大法官对言论自由保护的观点主要表现为提出了"明显且现实的危险"原则这一理论。在1919年的谢内库诉合众国案中,霍姆斯提出了"明显且现实的危险"原则,在艾布拉姆斯诉合众国案中又提出了"思想市场"这一概念。在1925年的吉特洛诉纽约州案中,他提出"明显且现实的危险"检验标准完全适用于对立法裁决的司法审查,在1927年的惠特尼诉加利福尼亚州案中,布兰戴斯大法官(霍姆斯赞同)对这一原则进行了进一步的修正和完善。在该案中提出的"明显且现实的危险"原则适用的限制条件,使这一理论的发展达到成熟。霍姆斯提出的这个理论,后来成为美国完善公民拥有言论、出版自由的理论基础,对美国的法理学产生了很大的影响。     

泛传播与泛责任:新媒体环境下的人格权保护

web2.0时代的到来使新媒体"泛传播"的特征愈发明显,新的媒介技术使大众深度参与网络并成为互动主体。无边界的公共空间和自媒体的出现为网民提供了更广阔的言论空间,与此同时大量侵权现象的产生也对新媒体空间的有效规制提出了挑战,"泛传播"更应意味着"泛责任"。在新环境下,对于名誉权和隐私权的法律保护亦应适应这种变化,有效维护新媒介技术的充分利用和人格权保护的平衡。     

利用网络言语特征刻画犯罪嫌疑人基本方法研究

随着网络语言广泛普及使用,犯罪言语呈现出网络言语独有特点。本文研究犯罪中的网络言语现象,揭示其个性化、形象化、口语化、符号化等特征,从语言学及鉴定学层面分析网络言语识别的可行性,并总结利用网络言语特征刻画犯罪嫌疑人性别、年龄、职业、民族、文化程度、心理的技术方法。     

论《三国演义》赤壁之战的叙事节奏

节奏是作品内在的旋律.赤壁之战的节奏包括三个部分:一是言语与语言.赤壁之战的语言可分为叙述性言语和人物言语.这两个部分不但创造了赤壁之战的艺术审美情境,而且还?构 起到提升<三国演义>艺术质量的作用.二是时间与空间.作者用八回的篇幅写赤壁之战,将短时间内发生的事情拉长,多层面地强调空间在故事中的作用,形成了独特的时空节奏.三是情节与非情节.情节与非情节作为赤壁之战的叙事节奏,不但决定了故事的发展速度,而且创造了独特的审美情境.     

美国总统眼中的宪法及其启示新论——以美国总统的施政演说为分析范本

分析美国总统的宪法观,不仅有重要的实践意义,而且有着多方面的理论价值。美国总统在施政演说中对宪法的论述与他们在就职演说中对宪法的论述,既有相同点,也有不同点,能给我们多方面启示,其中很重要的一点是更加注重宪法思维。这既要求明晰宪法思维的含义,又要求反思宪法角色。     

Behind a veil of secrecy: animal abuse,factory farms,and Ag-Gag legislation

Abstract

For years, animal rights organizations have sought to expose animal cruelty on America’s factory farms. With the meat and dairy industry inaccessible to the public, animal advocates rely on undercover investigators who gain access to farms by becoming employees. Working from the inside, these investigators become whistleblowers when they reveal animal cruelty unrelated to the already inhumane conditions of animal husbandry. An effective strategy that has exposed animal abuse as well as conditions threatening to public health, in recent years the agriculture industry has pressured legislatures to enact laws that criminalize photography at factory farms. Dubbed ‘Ag-Gag’ laws by critics, the emergence of legislation targeting animal rights advocates raises important questions relevant to animal welfare, animal rights activism, and freedom of speech. This paper exposes the failure of government institutions to protect animals on factory farms while simultaneously silencing what is currently the only available mechanism for Americans to learn about abuse on factory farms. It also explores the Constitutional implications of Ag-Gag laws. Not only are Ag-Gag laws presumptively unconstitutional, but with their enactment – animal welfare remains unchanged, the American consumer remains uninformed, and America’s factory farms are free to abuse animals behind a legal veil of secrecy.     

The changing face of protests in the digital age: on occupying cyberspace and Distributed-Denial-of-Services (DDoS) attacks

On 7th January 2013 the Anonymous hacking collective launched a White House petition asking the Obama administration to recognize DDoS¹1. Distributed Denial of Service attacks, thereafter referred to as DDoS attacks as a valid form of protest, similar to the Occupy protests. The ‘Occupy’ movement against financial inequality has become an international protest phenomenon stirring up the debate on the legal responses to acts of civil disobedience. At the same time, online attacks in the form of DDoS are considered by many as the digital counterparts of protesting. While the law generally acknowledges a certain level of protection for protesting as a manifestation of the rights to free speech and free assembly, it is still unclear whether DDoS attacks could qualify as free speech. This paper examines the analogies between offline protests and DDoS attacks, discusses legal responses in both cases and seeks to explore the scope for free speech protection.     

Proposing Problem-Based Learning for teaching future forensic speech scientists

In the last 10–15 years, Masters programmes and undergraduate modules have emerged in the UK that teach forensic speech science. Forensic speech science is the forensic subdiscipline concerned with analysing speech recordings, such as telephone calls of unknown speakers, when they arise as evidence. In order to answer questions surrounding the identity of the speakers in these recordings, forensic speech analysts draw on their expertise in phonetics and acoustics. Even though existing UK forensic speech science programmes do not claim to train students to a level where they are in a position to carry out real-life forensic casework, a proportion of the graduates from these programmes do go on to fill discipline-specific roles in security organisations or for private providers of forensic speech analysis. It is therefore surely in the community’s interests to review educational approaches to capitalise on the current training opportunities. This paper specifically proposes to explore the potential of a Problem-Based Learning (PBL) approach to forensic speech science teaching. PBL is a student-centred learning approach that heavily relies on the students’ independence in the solving of ill-structured problems. PBL has shown to be beneficial to programmes that directly lead on to discipline-specific professional roles, and has even become the standardised teaching approach in some of those areas (medicine being the flagship example). Given its reported success in other disciplines, the question arises as to whether PBL could bring similar benefits to prospective forensic speech practitioners and to forensic speech science as a whole.     

On Public Action

Abstract

This essay explores Hannah Arendt’s contribution to our understanding of the rhetorical as opposed to the aesthetic quality of public speech, with an emphasis upon her conception of opinion and glory. Arendt’s focus on the revelatory quality of public action in speech is widely understood to preclude or seriously limit its communicative aspect. I argue that this is a misunderstanding, and that accepting it would reduce speech not merely to the discussion of a sharply limited set of topics, but to no topics at all. Public action is speech that reveals the speaker as “answering, talking back and measuring up to whatever happened or was done.” Such revelatory speech is most appropriately judged by the standard of the glorious and the inglorious. Because such speech must inform as well as reveals, so does glorious or great speech rise to the level of greatness in part because of what is said, to whom, where, and how. Arendt’s understanding of this is shown to have significant parallels to the ordinary language philosophy of Stanley Cavell.     

言语识别技术发展的制约因素和破解途径

言语识别技术从产生至今已经得到了长足的发展。但是从当前言语识别技术本身及从事言语识别技术的人员来看,言语识别技术的发展和运用未能跟上信息化社会和司法实践的迫切需求。应更为深入而成熟地拓展和运用言语识别技术,以期解决影响和制约言语识别技术发展的相关因素。