《食品安全法》中“预防原则”之立法检讨——以食品风险监测与评估制度为中心

预防原则是基于危害发生前的保证和防犯的考虑,在我国立法中设置了食品风险监测与评估制度,但是该制度与比较法视野中预防原则的概念和实践存在一定区别,使得食品安全法中风险监测和评估制度的功能发挥受到了一定影响,风险监测和评估制度的完善需要在程序、机制及司法审查诸方面借鉴和参考预防原则的核心内容,以真正促进食品安全的监测和评估制度在实践中的有效运行。     

宪法实施的范畴演绎及路径选择

＂宪法司法化＂范畴的出现给学界带来激烈的争论。一方认为,宪法司法化无疑将丰富我国宪法理论,扩大宪法解释,推动宪法实施;另一方认为,宪法司法化与我国的基本制度即人民代表大会制度相冲突。文章认为,要明确对宪法司法化的二元理解。宪法司法化是在宪法实施之下的范畴,它可以分为违宪审查和宪法私法化两个层面。确认宪法司法化是我国宪法实施的必由之路。我们应当遵循宪法司法化的本土内涵,由全国人民代表大会常务委员会及最高人民法院来分别行使宪法司法化中的违宪审查制度和宪法私法化即宪法诉讼职能。     

Acting Like It Matters: A Scoping Review of Simulation in Child Welfare Training

Simulation-based training is often used to prepare health practitioners and is increasingly employed to train child welfare workers. This scoping review systematically searched the published and grey literature for studies that evaluated training for child welfare practitioners and used simulation methods that included standardized actors. Three studies met inclusion criteria, all documenting improvement in participants' use of specific skills. Other outcomes were mixed, possibly reflecting the heterogeneity of samples, study methods, measures, training of actors, theoretical frameworks, and content areas. Though results were mostly positive, the small number of studies indicates a substantial need for further research.     

等位基因特异性PCR技术及其法医学应用

等位基因特异性PCR（allele-specific polymerase chain reaction,AS-PCR）是一种基于等位基因特异性引物引导的PCR技术,可以有效地分析单核苷酸多态性（SNP）,包括碱基的转换、颠换以及插入/缺失多态性,在疾病研究、分子诊断以及法医物证学研究中具有很好的应用价值.本文系统地综述了AS-PCR技术的原理、检测手段、改进方法及在常染色体、Y染色体和线粒体SNP等领域的研究成果,探讨其法医学应用价值.     

表型信息SNP的法医学研究进展

单核苷酸多态性（SNP）是指人类基因组中特定部位单个碱基的变异,能够揭示个体表型信息的SNP成为近年来的研究热点之一.本文综述了表型信息SNP在发色、眼睛颜色、肤色、身高和脸部特征等方面的法医学研究现状,并对其应用前景进行了展望.     

CBCT技术研究进展及其在牙龄推断中的应用

牙齿是人体最坚硬的器官,不易因外界理化因素的变化而降解、变形,利用牙齿推断年龄已广泛应用于法医学。通过牙齿影像推断年龄是过去使用最普遍的方法之一,而锥形束计算机体层摄影术(cone beam computed tomography,CBCT)技术的出现为牙齿三维影像的获取提供了新途径,具有照射剂量低、扫描时间短、成像精度高及费用低等优点。本文综述了CBCT技术的研究进展及其在牙龄推断中的应用。     

The role of cognition in fitness to stand trial: a systematic review

The aim of the current paper was to systematically review the quality and design of the literature examining cognition and fitness to stand trial (FST). Ten empirical studies published between 1970 and July 2013 met the inclusion criteria. All studies utilised cross-sectional designs and six were prospective. Study quality was appraised based on FST research guidelines. The study quality was highly variable. Intelligence was controlled statistically in only half of the included studies. Cognitive processes, specifically, processing speed, verbal memory and visuoperceptual skills differentiated fit and unfit groups. Aspects of executive functioning, including social knowledge and abstract thinking, influenced FST. Future studies should use prospective consecutive designs and multivariate statistical strategies that control for potential confounds. Comprehensive assessment across a number of cognitive domains is needed in order to validate research conducted to date and guide forensic assessment of FST.     

审查逮捕中的证据运用与法律监督

审查逮捕阶段证据的运用影响到对案件事实的认定。应坚持依法、客观、公正审查提请逮捕案件的证据,对非法证据坚决排除;存在瑕疵的证据可附条件逮捕;证据不足的应作出不批准逮捕的决定。     

中国民事检察监督制度改革方案述评

我国现行的以"事后抗诉"为特色的民事检察监督制度,是在1991年民事诉讼法中奠定的。自20世纪90年代中期以来,理论界和实务界围绕民事抗诉制度存废问题展开了激烈的辩论,并形成了"肯定论"和"否定论"两大阵营,出现了"取消论"、"限制论"、"维持论"、"强化论"等各种改革方案。但是,民事检察监督制度的改革不是零和游戏,不是只有取消或加强这类选项。正确的改革思路应该是适应社会发展、适时转变监督理念,在公益监督、参与式监督和有限监督等理念的指导下,实现民事检察监督制度的现代转型。     

Location,location, location: Interdistrict and intercircuit variation in sentencing outcomes for federal drug-trafficking offenses

Research on sentencing has made clear that factors beyond case and offenders' attributes influence court decisions. Environmental and procedural characteristics also significantly affect the sentences of criminal courts. Yet, while state-level studies regularly control for such factors, most research on modern federal determinate sentencing has neglected jurisdictional attributes and variation as sources of extralegal sentence disparity. Using the organizational context and social worlds theoretical perspectives with a multilevel analytical approach, this study assessed how district and circuit of adjudication affect case-level lengths of sentences for federal drug-trafficking offenses, finding that both significantly affect sentencing outcomes and their predictors.