人工智能算法的伦理危机与法律规制

进入网络时代以后,人们逐步形成了一种以技术性和流动性为核心的在线生存样态.人们日益被数据化和被算法化.技术平台往往会利用自身在数据处理和深度学习算法上的技术优势,生成一种隐性的支配权和控制权,从而形成人工智能算法独特的运行逻辑.人工智能算法独特的运行逻辑正在深刻地改变着以往的生产方式和生活方式,并诱发了一系列的伦理危机...     

证明力评判方式新论——基于算法的视角

算法并非仅局限于计算机科学领域,其概念起源于数学领域,并且生命科学领域的研究表明生物本身也包含了一定的算法设计。从以上学科的视角重新审视证明力评判方式时,便会发现法定证据是一种人工算法,而自由心证运用的是“生物算法”。两种证明力评判方式因在许多方面不能满足算法设计目标的要素,且不能调和复杂度、容错性、可读性、确定性与统一性等诸要素之间的矛盾,暴露出各自的局限性。相较之下人工智能算法在复杂度、容错性、确定性与统一性上具有一定的优越性,在技术呈“指数爆炸”发展的时代,未来将人工智能算法引入证明力评判中具有一定的可行性,这给证明力评判方式的再度转变带来了新的契机,同时也将面临困境与挑战。     

谫论利用密钥分离方法安全传输企业信息

目前企业员工间安全传输信息各种方案往往存在着安全性不高或者代价很大的缺点,利用HASH函数分离加密密钥传输方案,可以较好地解决这些问题.该方案使加密密钥的各个部分通过不同的信道传输,可在最大程度上保证用户信息的安全,同时也使得传输信息和身份认证得以实现并只需要很小的开支.     

机动车保有量预测方法综述

机动车保有量预测方法中最关键的要素是算法和影响因子。综述通过文献整理分类提炼,对回归算法、人工神经网络、支持向量机、聚类算法和基于实例的算法进行了阐述,分析各种算法的利弊。最后依据历史样本的多寡,通过总结提出以逻辑回归算法和支持向量机作为基础算法,结合其它算法的组合预测方法来解决机动车保有量预测这样的非线性、高维度的复杂问题。     

DEVELOPMENTAL TRAJECTORY GROUPS: FACT OR A USEFUL STATISTICAL FICTION?*

A rapidly growing literature in criminology and psychology uses a group‐based methodology to identify and analyze developmental trajectories. Some confusion has arisen about the interpretation of this novel statistical model and with it some degree of cautionary commentary. We begin with a discussion of the role of trajectory groups as a statistical device for approximating population differences in developmental trajectories. We then discuss three misconceptions about group‐based trajectory modeling that stem from misunderstandings about the approximating role of trajectory groups: (1) individuals actually belong to a trajectory group, (2) the number of trajectory groups is immutable, and (3) the trajectories of group members follow the group‐level trajectory in lock step. We also point out that groupbased statistical modeling is not bound at the hip to the testing of taxonomic theories, and can just as well be used to test nontaxonomic theories.     

Influences on the Prisoner Rate: Number of Entries into Prison, Length of Sentences and Crime Rate

On the basis of the data contained in the European Sourcebook, this article tries to answer the question: 'What influences the prisoner rate most? The number of entries into prison, the length of sentences, or the crime rate?' The authors show that the crime rate is absolutely not correlated with the prisoner rate. The latter depends principally on the length of the imposed custodial sanctions and secondly on the number of those imposed prison sentences. Nevertheless, there are some indications suggesting that these results could be different from one type of offence to another. Unfortunately, this hypothesis could not be tested on the basis of the European Sourcebook data.     

对《公安统计学》教学的几点思考

《公安统计学》是一门实用性很强同时又较难掌握的学科,如何在学生中建立较高的统计学教学地位,培养学生学习兴趣,使其能够运用统计学基本理念和统计分析方法解决实际问题,正是公安统计教学所追求的目标。本文从教育理念、教学内容、教学手段和方法等方面对《公安统计学》教学进行了思考。     

赤脚足迹的统计分析

在犯罪现场,依据遗留的足迹和鞋,尽快认定和排除犯罪嫌疑人是非常重要的。赤脚足迹的形态比对,在刑事侦查中是十分有价值的。此项研究表明:从众多嫌疑人中提取的赤脚足迹,通过轮廓线条的测量显示出巨大的差异性;从同一嫌疑人提取的多个足迹却显示出很大的一致性。这项研究所精选的足迹测量的系列标准已得到证实。作为个人特征识别的一种统计规律,它的测量精度正在进一步提高。     

Developing a Multicenter Randomized Trial in Criminology: The Case of HIDTA

In criminal justice, as in other fields, an experimental study conducted ata single site does not offer a solid basis upon which to make strong publicpolicy recommendations. To date, criminal justice researchers have reliedupon two general approaches to overcome the limitations of single-siteexperimental research. The first, termed ``meta-analysis, seeks tocombine independent studies to identify consistent effects across criminaljustice settings or contexts. The second, sometimes termed replicationstudies, seeks to replicate investigations in multiple criminaljustice jurisdictions. In this paper we describe a related approachdeveloped in clinical studies in medicine and examine its applicabilityin criminal justice settings. Termed a multicenter clinicaltrial, this method demands the implementation ofa single experimental protocol at multiple sites. We contrast themulticenter approach with other methods and provide a substantiveexample of an ongoing multicenter criminal justice study. We begin byexamining the specific limitations of current approaches and solutionsoffered by multicenter studies to overcome these. We then turn to anapplication of the multicenter clinical trial in a criminal justicesetting. Using the example of the HIDTA (High-Intensity Drug TraffickingAreas) evaluation of drug treatment programs currently being conducted atmultiple sites, we illustrate components of the multicenter approach aswell as potential drawbacks researchers are likely to face in itsapplication in crime and justice studies.     

基于决策者视角的统计改革建议改进方略

探索改革或创新的理论研究及工作研究成果,不少以管理对策、政策建议、创新思路或改革方案等形式出现,可合称为＂改革建议＂。提出有影响力的改革建议的过程,本身就是建议者的自我管理控制过程。文章以政府统计为例,探讨如何让改革建议跟上改革需要,并分析了部分建议的五个缺陷及相应的九个改进方略。