美国刑事司法统计制度及其借鉴

美国刑事司法统计制度的发展简况、组织机构、范围与类型、主要统计项目、刑事司法统计资料的收集与分析、发布出版等方面,在世界范围内较为发达和完善。我国应结合国情,深刻认识到刑事司法统计工作的重要性和价值所在,增强建立适合我国国情的、现代的、完备的刑事司法统计制度的紧迫感和责任感,发展和完善刑事司法统计制度,为我国预防犯罪与刑事司法领域的科学决策和改革发展提供科学依据与有力支持。     

Chemical Differentiation of Osseous and Nonosseous Materials Using Scanning Electron Microscopy–Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometry and Multivariate Statistical Analysis

Identification of osseous materials is generally established on gross anatomical features. However, highly fragmented or taphonomically altered materials may be problematic and may require chemical analysis. This research was designed to assess the use of scanning electron microscopy–energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM/EDX), elemental analysis, and multivariate statistical analysis (principal component analysis) for discrimination of osseous and nonosseous materials of similar chemical composition. Sixty samples consisting of osseous (human and nonhuman bone and dental) and non-osseous samples were assessed. After outliers were removed a high overall correct classification of 97.97% was achieved, with 99.86% correct classification for osseous materials. In addition, a blind study was conducted using 20 samples to assess the applicability for using this method to classify unknown materials. All of the blind study samples were correctly classified resulting in 100% correct classification, further demonstrating the efficiency of SEM/EDX and statistical analysis for differentiation of osseous and nonosseous materials.     

Predictive crime mapping

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have emerged as a key tool in intelligence-led policing and spatial predictions of crime are being used by many police services to reduce crime. Break and entries (BNEs) are one of the most patterned and predictable crime types, and may be particularly amendable to predictive crime mapping. A pilot project was conducted to spatially predict BNEs and property crime in Vancouver, Canada. Using detailed data collected by the Vancouver Police Department on where and when observed crimes occur, the statistical model was able to predict future BNEs for residential and commercial locations. Ideally implemented within a mobile GIS, the automated model provides continually updated predictive maps and may assist patrol units in self-deployment decisions. Future research is required to overcome computational and statistical limitations, and to preform model validation.     

文件形成时间鉴定的统计学方法初探

文件形成时间的鉴定问题一直是文书鉴定领域最具争议和挑战的疑难问题．尤其是如何利用文件要素与时间的关系,定量分析判断文件的形成时间。通过对一起印章印文盖印时间鉴定的实际案例,探讨了如何运用统计学方法定量分析印章印文阶段性特征中的定量特征与印文盖印时间之间关系,为印章印文盖印时鉴定提供一种定量分析的方法,也为如何进一步运用统计学方法定量分析文件形成时间的类似问题提供了一种研究思路。     

How programmatic profiles of niche parties affect their electoral performance

Previous studies on the electoral performance of niche parties have not fully taken into account the evolutionary aspect of the programmatic profiles of these parties, although the majority of these parties were analysed from when they first came into existence, as new parties. Acknowledging the variation in programmatic profiles between niche parties and over time, the article argues that the electoral effects of nicheness and programmatic concentration as programmatic features of niche parties vary over their lifecycle. When entering the electoral arena, niche parties benefit from high levels of nicheness and programmatic concentration. However, these positive effects decrease as parties grow older and face different challenges to those of their early days. The empirical analysis of green and extreme right parties in this article supports the corresponding hypotheses. Results show that the positive effects of nicheness and programmatic concentration vanish over time and indicate niche parties’ own influence on their electoral destiny.     

Squaring the speed of light? Regulating market access in algorithmic finance

Abstract

We examine the sociomaterial regulation of algorithmic trading against the background of the European Union’s directives on Markets in Financial Instruments (MiFID/MiFIR). Tracing the purification and translation of regulatory practices within a French brokerage firm, we examine the impact of electronic trading on the nature of market access. Central to our analysis is the ‘Blackbox’, a tool designed to manage market access efficiently by collating trade flows and automatically pairing them with trading algorithms. Our findings show that, through a process of ‘abstracting’, purification and translation are kept strictly separate, allowing the broker to meet the regulatory requirements de jure whilst retaining de facto the unregulated advantages of high-speed materiality. We discuss the implications for both the policy and practice of high-speed financial trading.     

基于内存比对的CAFIS系统指纹比对方法改进研究

目的研究改进现有指纹自动识别系统的比对速度。方法将大量的比对数据提前加载到内存中,结合多线程并行计算,达到一次加载多次使用的目的。结果多组测试数据证明内存比对方式可以有效减少访存时间,提高了整体比对速度。结论指纹系统的内存比对方式是快速可行的比对方法。     

Studying New York City’s Crime Decline: Methodological Issues

Methodological issues that must be considered in doing research on the New York City crime drop include the choice of a spatial unit of analysis, the choice of a mathematical representation of the processes responsible for the drop, and the choice of estimators. This paper considers the strengths and weaknesses of a time series analysis of data for New York alone, a panel analysis for the city’s precincts, and a panel analysis for a sample of cities, for studying the drop. The possibilities and limitations of precinct-level data are illustrated with annual precinct data for New York between 1988 and 2001. The paper considers static and dynamic fixed effects panel models estimated in various ways, including difference and systems generalized method of moments. These analyses find no evidence that misdemeanor arrests reduced levels of homicide, robbery, or aggravated assaults. Felony arrests reduced robberies, but only to a modest degree. Most of the decline in these three felonies had other causes.     

基于犯罪模糊数据库的知识发现

根据模糊数据库的理论研究及实际开发状况,对犯罪模糊数据库中知识发现的几个问题进行了探讨。研究表明,模糊关系数据库是开发不确定性系统的非常重要的工具。文中指出,模糊算法和计算机语言的有机结合,会产生程序的学习系统,最后描述了一个基于模糊犯罪数据库的知识发现算法。     

从国家社科基金立项项目看知识产权问题研究发展状况——基于1996-2011年国家社科基金知识产权问题研究立项的统计分析

国家社科基金是全国哲学社会科学研究最高级的科研基金项目,能够从宏观上反映各研究领域的重点、难点与热点问题。本文通过对1996-2011年国家社科基金知识产权问题研究立项项目的统计与归类,分别从立项数量、学科分布、研究主题、研究成果、项目机构、地域和负责人等方面加以定量分析,以呈现该领域研究的现状、特点和发展趋势,并简要分析该领域研究过程中所取得的成绩和存在的不足。