平台算法控制下签约主播过劳问题的法律治理

算法技术的运用在为平台企业提供便利劳动过程管理的同时，也使得以签约主播为代表的平台 从业人员劳动权益受损风险愈发凸显。在数字化平台经济时代，算法管理通过剥夺平台从业人员对劳动过程的 控制权，加剧其结构性谈判力量的瓦解，以及实现工作时间的极致碎片化，造成了平台从业人员超时劳动的必 然结果。直播平台更是利用人气计件薪资制度对时间与人气的操控，实现了对签约主播的规训，造成了沉浸过 劳的必然结果。由于签约主播相对于直播平台的劳动从属性并没有统一的裁判标准，使得签约主播的法律主体 地位难以明晰。并且直播平台的组织架构与盈利模式更是排除了劳动法对网络直播法律关系的适用。因此，应 当重新审视与完善我国劳动法确立的倾斜保护原则，建立网络直播工作时间准则并强化直播平台的主体责任承 担，才能为更好地解决签约主播的过劳问题提供新的法律治理方案。     

How regulations undervalue occupational fatalities

The U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration establishes incentives for safety by setting and enforcing regulatory standards. Using four and a half decades of inspection data, this article provides a comprehensive analysis of the factors underpinning penalties following fatalities. The “fatality premium” for regulatory violations following a worker death is quite modest and is several orders of magnitude below the value-of-a-statistical-life figure needed to establish efficient levels of deterrence in the absence of all other financial incentives. Although there are low statutory caps on penalties, only 8% of the penalties for violations involving fatalities are constrained by the cap, suggesting that current statutes establish norms for reasonable penalty amounts. In situations involving a fatality at firms with union representation during the inspection, the enforcement sanctions are more stringent. Fatalities involving migrant laborers are less heavily penalized.