GENERAL STRAIN,STREET YOUTH AND CRIME: A TEST OF AGNEW'S REVISED THEORY*

Using a sample of homeless street youth, this research examines how specific forms of strain–emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, homelessness and being a victim of robbery, violence or theft, relative deprivation, monetary dissatisfaction and unemployment–lead to crime and drug use. It also explores how strain is conditioned by deviant peers, deviant attitudes, external attributions, self‐esteem and self‐efficacy. The results reveal that all ten types of strain examined can lead to criminal behavior either as main effects or when interacting with conditioning variables. The results are discussed in light of general strain theory and suggestions are offered for future research on this topic.     

关于北京市流浪儿童救助保护的行动研究

流浪儿童教育的目标应该是素质教育而不是文化课教育,未保中心的教育职能应该定位为受助儿童教育的组织者而不是实施者。对流浪儿童的教育要学校教育和机构内教育并重,对流浪儿童进行心理辅导和行为矫正是必要的,但需要将这些服务延伸到其家庭、社区和学校。要根据流浪儿童的特点灵活地开展工作,个案工作要避免急功近利,小组工作是完全必要和可行的,而心理评估的重点应该是长期滞留的儿童。     

Museum Outreach Programs to Promote Community Engagement in Local Environmental Issues

Ideas of ‘community’ and ‘community voice’ have been mobilised in collaborative programs developed between the National Museum of Australia and the Murray‐Darling Basin Commission since 1992. This collaboration is set within a broader context of changing ideas and practice around governance, community and environmental issues. The recent Murray‐Darling Outreach Project (MDOP), a series of museum outreach projects with regional communities aiming to increase community engagement in local environmental issues in the Murray‐Darling Basin, is specifically examined. Evaluation research on the MDOP found that the approach to program development significantly shaped the types of voices, range of issues presented and the nature of the communicative forums established. The potential impacts on online audiences are discussed along with broader implications for government agencies involved in community partnerships.     

从任务型自治到民主合作型治理——基于上海市社区调研的分析

调查发现,国家政权为推动城市基层治理而设定的街政居治的治理格局并没有真正建立起来,相反却呈现出任务型自治的非健康状态。面对任务型自治遗留下来的一系列问题,如何通过强化理性、权利、责任、合作,以实现街居之间的和谐互动、共生双赢,是当前建构城市街居治理体制的现实问题。本文认为,民主合作型治理可以避免街居之间的合作惰性或合作匮乏的困境,是构建合理的街居治理体制的理性选择。     

伪满洲国的街村财政

伪满洲国成立初期,出于治安上的需要,日本侵略者在地方基层实行保甲制度,通过组织反动保卫团、实行连坐制度等,疯狂镇压东北人民的反抗,其所需经费以强征所谓的保甲费为支撑。1937年后,由于伪满洲国的主要任务向"国家建设"转变,对于基层地方,发布街制和村制,仿照日本基层的町村制度实行所谓的"地方自治",并制定了统一的街村财政税收制度。但是街村制度并没有脱离保甲制度的藩篱,也没有真正为中国东北基层地方带来自治的福音,不过是对中国东北基层进行侵略和掠夺的变形而已。     

Street-level Politics: Labour Protests in Post-authoritarian Indonesia

This article discusses the promotion of economic “reintegration” programs among migrant domestic workers in Hong Kong. The programs include training migrants in savings and investment, business planning and entrepreneurship, with the immediate aim of helping them to achieve some steady income as an alternative to continued working overseas, and the longer-term objective of channelling migrant savings into national economic development “back home.” The reintegration programs are analysed in the context of hegemonic neo-liberal or popular capitalism, which inter alia, encourages the transformation of citizens with rights into entrepreneurs who can be held responsible for their own failures. It argues that such programs discipline rather than liberate migrant workers and that despite good intentions on the part of progressive non-government organisations (NGOs), represent individualistic solutions to structural problems which may undermine campaigns like the campaign for the rights of migrant workers and their families.     

THE SOCIAL ECOLOGY OF PUBLIC SPACE: ACTIVE STREETS AND VIOLENT CRIME IN URBAN NEIGHBORHOODS

Drawing on one element of the discussion by Jacobs ( 1961 ) of the social control benefits of “eyes on the street,” this article explores the link between the prevalence of active streets and violence in urban neighborhoods. Three distinct data sources from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods are merged to explore the functional form and potential contingency of the active streets–violence relationship: 1) video data capturing the presence of people on neighborhood streets; 2) longitudinal data on adolescents (11 to 16 years of age) and their self‐reports of witnessing severe violence; and (3) community survey data on neighborhood social organizational characteristics. The results from multilevel models indicate that the proportion of neighborhood streets with adults present exhibits a nonlinear association with exposure to severe violence. At low prevalence, the increasing prevalence of active streets is positively associated with violence exposure. Beyond a threshold, however, increases in the prevalence of active streets serve to reduce the likelihood of violence exposure. The analyses offer no evidence that the curvilinear association between active streets and violence varies by levels of collective efficacy, and only limited evidence that it varies by anonymity. Analyses of data on homicide and violent victimization corroborate these findings.     

Emotions,reason, and character

Utilizing a contractualist framework for understanding the basis and limits for the use of force by police, this article offers five limiting principles—respect for status as moral agents, proportionality, minimum force necessary, ends likely to be accomplished, and appropriate motivation—and then discusses uses of force that violate or risk violating those principles. These include, but are not limited to, unseemly invasions, strip searches, perp walks, handcuffing practices, post-chase apprehensions, contempt-of-cop arrests, overuse of intermediate force measures, coerced confessions, profiling, stop and frisk practices, and the administration of street justice.     

Maras Morphing: Revisiting Third Generation Gangs

Third generation street gangs are a crime and security problem in many global cities, internationally linked ethnic Diasporas, and cross-border regions where insecurity and criminal non-state actors reign. Widely known as third generation gangs (3 GEN Gangs), complex gangs operate with broad reach—often across borders—and can develop mercenary and at times political and potentially terrorist objectives. The typology of the three generations of gang evolution (based on the interaction of politicization, internationalization, and sophistication) is recounted, recent trends in transnational street and prison gangs are explored and future potentials are suggested.     

浅谈通过技防手段打击街头犯罪

近几年来,抢劫、抢夺、盗窃、诈骗等街头犯罪比较突出。遏止街头犯罪已成为公安机关面临的一项重大课题。在加大街面警力部署的同时,建立街头电视监控系统,是打击街头犯罪最为有效的途径。