THE VICTIM–OFFENDER OVERLAP IN CONTEXT: EXAMINING THE ROLE OF NEIGHBORHOOD STREET CULTURE*

Although numerous studies have found a strong relationship between offending and victimization risk, the etiology of this relationship is not well understood. Largely absent from this research is an explicit focus on neighborhood processes. However, theoretical work found in the subculture of violence literature implies that neighborhood street culture may help to account for the etiology of this phenomenon. Specifically, we should expect the magnitude of the victim–offender overlap to vary closely with neighborhood‐based violent conduct norms. This research uses waves 1 and 2 of the Family and Community Health Study (FACHS) to test the empirical validity of these notions. Our results show that the victim–offender overlap is not generalizeable across neighborhood contexts; in fact, it is especially strong in neighborhoods where the street culture predominates, whereas it is significantly weaker in areas where this culture is less prominent. These results indicate that neighborhood‐level cultural processes help to explain the victim–offender overlap, and they may cause this phenomenon to be context specific.     

When Formal Sanctions Encourage Violent Offending: How Violent Peers and Violent Codes Undermine Deterrence

Research focusing on deterrence has stressed the negative relationship between perceived formal sanctions and criminal behavior, ignoring the possibility that in some populations formal sanctions may serve to increase offending under some conditions. Utilizing a sample of 300 homeless street youths, the study explores if violent peers, violent values, and the culture of the street moderates the association between perceived legal sanctions and violent offending. The results suggest that violent peers, violent values, and the culture of the street condition the perceived certainty of punishment so that it leads to higher levels of violence. Further, the culture of the street conditions the relationship between perceived severity of punishment and violence. Theoretical and policy implications are discussed.     

Tears,Trauma and Suicide: Everyday Violence among Street Youth in Puebla,Mexico1

Despite considerable ethnographic research with young people in street situations and a growing interest in violence, little attention has been paid to suicide. The occurrence of suicide is a dramatic event that reveals weaknesses in support systems established by governments and civil society organisations, as well as perceived failings of friends. While an interest in suicide usually considers cause, in this paper we explore effect. How does the death of a member of a tightly knit group of street youth affect others and what does the suicide tell us about their identification with death more generally? Research for the paper was part of an in‐depth study of identities among street youth in Mexico.     

流浪儿童救助保护中的教育模式研究

目前,救助中心内的流浪儿童在教育基础、教育需求和学习愿望方面差别很大,以救助中心目前的师资和场所开展高质量的教育有相当的难度,但最大的困难还是在于对救助中心教育职能的认识和定位方面。救助中心必须向流浪儿童提供教育服务,但对流浪儿童的教育应该以利于其回归家庭和社会为导向。经过研究我们总结出一套行之有效的教育模式——分类分层教育,分类分层教育模式有助于此目标的实现。     

“模糊性治理”的理论系谱及其诠释：一种崭新的公共管理叙事

无论是就公共管理的“约束条件”、“治理机制”抑或“行动策略”等而言，皆存在明显的刻意或无意的模糊性；影响到政府治理实践的各个环节（譬如决纂、执行与评估）与维度（譬如环境、制度、组织、机制与主体）。所谓“模糊性治理”（Ambiguous Governing）是指当政府面对困境性的（譬如政策方案不成熟）、可争议性的政策议题，或者为应对价值或伦理上的两难情形，在治理机制、政策工具或行动策略上表现出来的具有“诠释灵活性”、“模棱两可”、“态度暧昧”、“不连贯性”或“不一致性”等特性的公共管理模式。在政府治理实践中，“模糊性治理”是一种惯常的现象；可以将其视为一种崭新的公共管理叙事和考察公共管理的大理论。在法学、管理学和政治学等领域，学界曾就“模糊性及其对政府治理的影响”进行过较多研究。本文旨在通过梳理其理论系谱，以建构符合本土实践且同国际学界接轨的模糊性治理理论。     

北京市海淀区乡镇街道职能变化与编制调整的匹配性研究

职能变化是编制调整的基本依据．编制调整必须与职能变化相匹配是编制管理的基本原则。为检验二者在实际编制管理中的匹配性。我们选择北京市海淀区作为样本．对其乡镇街道的职能变化以及行政、事业编制的变动情况进行了调查，结果显示：乡镇街道的职能和工作量普遍增加。但行政编制与事业编制整体紧缩，职能变化与编制调整之间已形成明显矛盾。同时还发现，在严格控制编制的情况下．乡镇街道聘用的协管员和临时工却明显增加，协管员和临时工的大量聘用已经成为消解乡镇街道职能变化和编制调整之间矛盾的主要途径。     

Gangs and Coups D' Streets in the New World Disorder: Protean Insurgents in Post-modern War

The mutation of protean “street gangs” to insurgents illustrates that insurgents need not be ideologically oriented, and need not be traditional revolutionary fighters emerging from the mountains and jungles to take down or control a government. Rather, they may have their own specific commercial money-making motives, and can emerge out of the favelas, callampas, villas miserias, and pueblas jovenes (city slums) not so much to replace governments as to gain very lucrative freedom of movement and action within a supposedly sovereign national-state. Also, mature second and third generation gangs have been known to act as proxies and mercenaries for traditional nation-states that want to maintain “plausible deniability,” and to act as mercenaries for warlords, organized criminal organizations, and/or drug-trafficking cartels that—on certain occasions—need additional “fire-power”. The instability and lack of individual and state security generated by gangs phenomenon and their nefarious allies are also known to lead to the radical change of failed state status. In these terms, gangs are no longer a singular law enforcement issue. As crime and war become more and more indistinguishable, gangs must be considered a larger national security issue—that, paradoxically, must be viewed as a local concept.     

Communicating law,building peace: the pedagogy of public outreach from war crimes courts

ABSTRACT

There has been a growing interdisciplinary concern with the implications of public outreach processes from war crimes trials for new forms of citizenship in the wake of violent conflict. The enactment of such outreach, through seminars, civil society initiatives and workshops, provides a glimpse of the tensions between different conceptions of justice, belonging and rights in the post-conflict period. Specifically, such events constitute a rare public arena in the more fragmented and securitised domain of international legal practices. This paper focuses on a series of public workshops for survivors of wartime sexual violence carried out in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) 2011–13. Drawing on participant observations and open-ended interviews, we argue that such public outreach programmes can be viewed as a form of pedagogy, where the materials, format and arrangement of the events structure the nature of participation and engagement. In doing so we are making two contributions. First, the discussion advances understandings of public outreach as a form of pedagogy, illustrating how practices of dissent, rejection and resistance animate processes of public outreach. Second, the paper illuminates the role of pedagogy as a governmental instrument, reflecting the micro-situations within which individuals are interpellated into the state.     

重塑心灵:救助中心内流浪儿童的心理干预实践

流浪儿童作为特殊群体,近些年来得到了社会各界的普遍关注。由于流浪儿童自身特殊的心理问题和行为特点,需要中心在救助过程中建立心理干预机制,借助社会力量并运用专业的工作方法帮助流浪儿童改变不良的心理状况,为流浪儿童最终回归家庭、回归社会提供条件。     

Estimating the size of criminal populations

The estimation of total population size for various phenomena of crime is an important factor critical for criminal justice policy formulation and criminological theory development. In this paper, methods are discussed for estimating the size of a criminal population from police records. Capture-recapture analysis techniques, borrowed from the biological sciences, are used to predict the size of population for migrating (or fleeing) fugitives and for street prostitutes. Heterogeneity and behavioral responses to previous police encounters are identified as major complicating factors. The basic problem is that the police records are virtually unaffected by a potentially large pool of cryptic criminals. It is shown how independently collected auxiliary data can address this problem.