The Baltic states,Finland, and British economic expectations in the early 1920s

Abstract

After the First World War, the Baltic states — not Finland — attracted the British as a bridge to Russian markets. The article deals with the rank of these states in British economic expectations. It is shown that whereas the Baltic states were highly prioritized, in 1920, by 1926 the British preferred Finland as a more trusworthy trading partner than Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. The article thus shows how the rank of the Baltic states and Finland changed in British expectations when all of these states were seen as markets in and of themselves.     

根据X线片跖趾骨长宽度推算0～17岁个体身高年龄

本文通过1607例儿童青少年跖趾骨长度和宽度与身高和年龄的相关回归分析，发现两者之间呈高度正相关，相关系数γ=0．859～0．998，相关检验和回归检验P＜0．0025～0．0005，据此分别计算出各跖趾骨长度、宽度推算身高、年龄的直线回归方程，为法医学、人类学提供了基础资料。     

新型工业化的动力源于结构效率--落实科学发展观的必由之路

推进结构性增长是落实科学发展观的必然结果,其本质是将要素投入的增长转向要素效率的增长,经济结构优化升级所带来结构效率将成为我国新型工业化的动力源泉.新型工业化的核心是以信息技术改造、提升传统产业,以信息化带动工业化,实现经济持续快速健康发展.     

在新条件下拟Newton迭代方法的收敛性

该文给出了在Banach空间中求解非线性方程拟Newton迭代方法的新条件,及在新条件下拟Newton迭代方法的收敛性。     

寻求不一致的一致——试论软法与协商民主机制的结构性耦合

卢曼认为,法律是一个使用合法/不合法的独特符号作为沟通手段的独立的规则系统,是人类行为的规范性预期的制度化。法律规范作为独立系统欲保持稳定与再生则必须在封闭运行的同时与外部环境之间保持认知的开放,其对外部环境刺激的稳定回应模式即为结构性耦合。从此视角观察,软法是一个相对而言制度化程度较低的,其稳定预期的功能相对弱化了的规则系统,它允许中间程度的效力,其创生本身具有回应性目的。软法建构的环境在国际关系和国内民主政治领域的表现形式就是协商民主。协商民主政治机制本身的出现就具有回应民主程度问题的性质,其成功的几个关键机制需要弹性的规范体系。软法能够模式化地回应协商民主的需要而与之形成结构性耦合。     

21世纪初我国经济结构调整的思考

当前世界经济结构调整方兴未艾,我国的结构调整也势在必行。随着我国成为世贸组织成员国,我国经济结构调整面临许多新情况。我国应确定新原则和新战略,以应对出现的新情况。应坚持整体性、非均衡性、市场化和有序性原则,在所有制结构、产业结构、技术结构、地区结构、城乡结构方面进行调整,同时处理好经济结构调整和经济增长、制度创新与经济结构调整、经济结构调整中政府与市场的关系。     

论中国制度结构效率及二元经济的转换

制度结构效率是评价制度整体优劣的重要依据。静态的制度耦合状态决定静态的制度结构效率。在制度变迁过程中 ,适应环境变化的均衡的制度变迁是动态制度结构效率的决定性因素。我国制度变迁的路径依赖已经降低了制度的结构效率。为促进二元经济结构的转换 ,必须转换制度变迁路径 ,优化制度结构 ,提高制度结构效率     

MODELING THE EFFECTS OF RACIAL THREAT ON PUNITIVE AND RESTORATIVE SCHOOL DISCIPLINE PRACTICES*

It is clear that schools are mirroring the criminal justice system by becoming harsher toward student misbehavior despite decreases in delinquency. Moreover, Black students consistently are disciplined more frequently and more severely than others for the same behaviors, much in the same way that Black criminals are subjected to harsher criminal punishments than other offenders. Research has found that the racial composition of schools is partially responsible for harsher school discipline just as the racial composition of areas has been associated with punitive criminal justice measures. Yet, no research has explored comprehensively the dynamics involved in how racial threat and other factors influence discipline policies that ultimately punish Black students disproportionately. In this study (N = 294 public schools), structural equation models assess how school racial composition affects school disciplinary policies in light of other influences on discipline and gauge how other possible predictors of school disciplinary policies relate to racial composition of schools, to various school disciplinary policies, and to one another. Findings indicate that schools responding to student misbehavior with one type of discipline tend to use other types of responses as well and that many factors predict the type of disciplinary response used by schools. However, disadvantaged, urban schools with a greater Black, poor, and Hispanic student population are more likely to respond to misbehavior in a punitive manner and less likely to respond in a restorative manner.     

权利的结构：以商法为例

权利的合成、分解和单纯结构变动是商法中的常见现象，这些现象呼唤一个权利结构方面的理论。结构是权利的重要参数，具有无限性、独立性和整体性等特征。权利的合成、分解和单纯结构变动既可能诱发权利的质变，又可能改变权利的功能，这两点已经被商法广泛运用。权利结构的设计应当是商法乃至整个私法的基本问题之一。     

结构功能主义视角下重庆“后打黑时期”黑恶组织现状分析及其长效治理

以结构功能主义理论为视角，对“后打黑时期”重庆黑恶组织现状进行分析，认为黑恶犯罪的出现、发展源于对其有制约作用的各类群体、组织制约功能的弱化；同时借用帕森斯的任意系统必备功能项理论，提出重庆“后打黑时期”，修复警察、民众部分对黑恶犯罪的制约功能，以及对民众和警察部门的系统目标、整合、文化等功能进行协调是构建“治黑”长效机制的思考方向。