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251.
    
In forensic voice comparison, deep learning has become widely popular recently. It is mainly used to learn speaker representations, called embeddings or embedding vectors. Speaker embeddings are often trained using corpora mostly containing widely spoken languages. Thus, language dependency is an important factor in automatic forensic voice comparison, especially when the target language is linguistically very different from that the model is trained on. In the case of a low-resource language, developing a corpus for forensic purposes containing enough speakers to train deep learning models is costly. This study aims to investigate whether a model pre-trained on multilingual (mostly English) corpus can be used on a target low-resource language (here, Hungarian), not represented by the model. Often multiple samples are not available from the offender (unknown speaker). Samples are therefore compared pairwise with and without speaker enrollment for suspect (known) speakers. Two corpora are used that were developed especially for forensic purposes and a third that is meant for traditional speaker verification. Speaker embedding vectors are extracted by the x-vector and ECAPA-TDNN techniques. Speaker verification was evaluated in the likelihood-ratio framework. A comparison is made between the language combinations (modeling, LR calibration, and evaluation). The results were evaluated by Cllrmin and EER metrics. It was found that the model pre-trained on a different language but on a corpus with a significant number of speakers can be used on samples with language mismatch. Sample duration and speaking style also seem to affect the performance.  相似文献   
252.
    
When in forensic casework or empirical research in‐person assessment of human decomposition is not possible, the sensible substitution is color photographic images. To date, no research has confirmed the utility of color photographic images as a proxy for in situ observation of the level of decomposition. Sixteen observers scored photographs of 13 human cadavers in varying decomposition stages (PMI 2–186 days) using the Total Body Score system (total n = 929 observations). The on‐site TBS was compared with recorded observations from digital color images using a paired samples t‐test. The average difference between on‐site and photographic observations was ?0.20 (t = ?1.679, df = 928, p = 0.094). Individually, only two observers, both students with <1 year of experience, demonstrated TBS statistically significantly different than the on‐site value, suggesting that with experience, observations of human decomposition based on digital images can be substituted for assessments based on observation of the corpse in situ , when necessary.  相似文献   
253.
254.
行政复议制度是与行政诉讼制度并行的行政争议解决机制。随着行政诉讼法的修改,与之配套的行政复议法修订工作也应列入议程。在修订过程中,应当以加大复议纠错力度、充分发挥行政复议作为解决行政争议主渠道的作用为目标定位,以坚持行政复议的行政性、便利性、前置性、主动性为基本要求,同时在与行政诉讼的衔接上体现司法审查对行政复议决定的司法谦抑。具体的修改内容可包括:拓宽行政复议受案范围;完善复议审查重点,一次性回应申请人实质诉求;赋予复议机关更大的暂缓执行原行政行为的决定权;扩大复议调解的范围;坚持复议机关作被告监督机制,确保修法相统一;坚持司法审查行政复议决定的“卷宗审查主义”;赋予复议机关更大的复议变更权,着眼于一次性解决行政争议。  相似文献   
255.
This paper presents investigations into the ability of speaker verification technology to discriminate between identical twins. It is shown that whilst, in general, the genetic and non-genetic characteristics of voice are both of value to speaker verification capabilities, it is the latter which is highly beneficial in the separation of the speech of identical twins. It is further demonstrated that through the use of unconstrained cohort normalisation as a complementary means for the exploitation of such voice characteristics, the verification reliability can be considerably enhanced for both identical twins and unrelated speakers. Experiments were conducted using a bespoke clean-speech database consisting of utterances from 49 identical twin pairs. The paper details the problem in speaker verification posed by identical twins, discusses the experimental investigations and provides an analysis of the results.  相似文献   
256.
印文与文字交叠时序的无损鉴定   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
在印文与文字交叠时序的鉴定中应倡导的准则是:无损至尊。书写笔迹、打印文字与印文交叠时序的鉴定,均有合适的方法可供使用。在鉴定中还要注意一些问题,养成一种正确的思维方式。  相似文献   
257.
超法规违法阻却事由是实质违法理论的产物,由于与罪刑法定原则在形式上相冲突,因而其存在的合理性 受到了质疑。然而在实质合理性是法制的最终目标的思想指导下,超法规违法阻却事由必须有存在的必要性与可能性。  相似文献   
258.
浅议行政许可法中的信赖保护原则   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
信赖保护原则在许多国家和地区的行政法中得到确认或体现 ,我国新制定的《行政许可法》中确立了这一原则。信赖保护原则有其特定的涵义、适用范围和方式 ;信赖保护原则的法理依据存在于法律价值与法的本质中 ;信赖保护原则的确立对于促使政府的诚信、保护人民的合法权益以及促进中国法治建设等有重要意义  相似文献   
259.
李庭鹏 《现代法学》2000,22(3):66-68
本文提出票据权利的构造理论,即在传统付款请求权和追索权二元构造的基础上,以票据法理论和票据立法为依据,论证以实质票据权利和形式票据权利为内容的另一种构造。  相似文献   
260.
在我国当代司法实践中,常常存在着重实体、轻程序的思想并以此来指导某些案件的审理,严重影响了我国的司法公正和法制建设进程。因此,要改变这种状态,须在分析实体正义与程序正义关系的基础上.从法社会学的角度,树立程序正义观念,完善程序正义机制,着力探寻二者在发生冲突时的解决原则,才能在我国真正实现法理学意义上的程序正义。  相似文献   
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