被害人与恢复性司法的质疑与回应

恢复性司法作为一种新的刑事司法模式在国际上得到了普遍的认可,并已成为当今世界的一种潮流。然而,恢复性司法自其产生之日起一直受到诸多批评。因此有必要对被害人参与犯罪处理威胁“罚当其罪（Justice Deserts）”理论、仁慈与宽恕是被害人的义务与负担、被害人不满意恢复性司法的处理结果等问题,从理论、立法、实践等多个角度予以回应,以期对我国的恢复性司法制度建设有所裨益。     

荷兰:社区矫正与恢复性司法结合之路

荷兰的社区矫正与恢复性司法实践活动,类型多样,效果显著。而社区矫正与恢复性司法的结合,对保障社会安全很有助益,将是未来发展的方向。     

论国际刑法的正义价值

从法的属性看,国际刑法本质上是一种国家之间的制度,国际刑法的正义价值观首先源自国内刑法的正义价值观。由于现行国际法体系中没有超国家机构的存在,且国际法与国内法的渊源不同,国际刑法与国内刑法有相互符合的正义要素,但这些要素在各自领域中又存在着明显的内涵差异。国内刑法正义价值赖以支撑的平等、公平和正当等要素,急需国际刑法以立法和司法的实践加以确认和吸纳,并同时承袭国际法固有的正义基石。从国际人权法的视角分析,国际刑法的正义价值在于尊重和保护人权。国际法体系内的人权法与国际刑法,因正义价值的关联而构成了既对立又统一、相伴相生的矛盾共同体。     

刑罚的伦理价值

刑罚是刑法的核心。作为法律概念,刑罚充分体现了法律和道德之间密不可分的联系。体现这种联系的一个重要方面就在于刑罚必须具有正义、功利和公平这三种既相互联系又相互区别的伦理属性。正义是刑罚存在的基础,功利是刑罚追求的目的,公平是贯穿刑罚始终的原则和方法。     

论宽严相济刑事政策与我国死刑的立法完善

宽严相济的刑事政策是我国刑事政策的新发展,它既是刑事司法政策,也是刑事立法政策。宽严相济刑事政策首先要求形成一种合理的刑罚结构,这是实现宽严相济刑事政策的基础。文章仅探讨在宽严相济刑事政策的要求下,如何完善我国刑罚主刑中的死刑制度,并针对死刑制度的弊端,提出修改的建议和措施,以更好地体现宽严相济刑事政策的要求,实现刑罚现代化。     

检察权运作中的若干问题

检察官是代表社会公共利益的法律守护人,应恪守客观公正义务,做到以人为本、诚信、理性、持衡.检察权的运作应遵循"检察工作一体化"的思路,体现检察权的谦抑性:克制、妥协、宽容,以实现公平正义的目标.作为履行法律监督职能的检察机关,外部有系统完整的监督机制,不存在单向监督效应.     

Interactional fairness judgments: The influence of causal accounts

There has been an increasing amount of research conducted on issues of procedural justice. Although this research has demonstrated that the type of procedure used to allocate outcomes has an independent influence on people's judgments of the fairness of a decision, there is growing empirical evidence that such judgments are influenced by the enactment of the procedure as well. Fairness concerns raised about the propriety of a decision maker's behavior during the enactment of procedures are representative of a desire forinteractional justice. In this paper, we present three studies that examine the effects of giving acausal account, or a justification, versus not providing a justification, on judgments of interactional fairness and endorsement of a decision maker's actions. In Study I, a laboratory study, ratings of interactional fairness and support for a manager were higher when subjects received a causal account that claimed mitigating circumstances for a manager's improper action than when they did not receive such a causal account. A second laboratory study replicated the same pattern of findings in two different organizational contexts. In addition, it was found that the perceived adequacy of the causal account was a critical factor explaining its effect. In Study 3, a field setting, ratings of both interactional fairness and procedural fairness were higher when a manager provided anadequate causal account to justify the allocation of an unfavorable outcome. The discussion focuses on the implications of these findings for research on interactional and procedural justice.     

Freedom,immigration, and adequate options

According to the freedom argument for open borders, immigration restrictions are generally unjust because these restrictions infringe on important freedoms, such as freedom of association and the economic liberties. Some authors have objected to the freedom argument by claiming that potential immigrants only have rights to sufficient options to live decent or autonomous lives and, consequently, states can permissibly prevent people from immigrating when potential immigrants have adequate options. This paper shows that this objection to the freedom argument for open borders is unsound and that restrictions on international freedom of movement can be morally impermissible even when potential immigrants have adequate options.     

The problem of past emissions and intergenerational debts

The problem of past emissions – how to share fairly the costs of climate-changing emissions caused by polluters who are no longer in existence – presents an increasingly pressing challenge to scholars and policy-makers. Since standard contribution-based principles are inapplicable when it comes to past emissions, theorists have instead proposed various non-contribution-based historical principles. This paper develops such a principle – the Inherited Debt Principle – which seeks to account for the intuition that historical injustice matters to current duties in a way that does not appeal to the counterfactual benefits derived from that injustice. This principle, it is argued, offers a surprisingly plausible solution to the problem of past emissions.     

Reframing the brain drain

Theorists concerned about the distributive effects of skilled emigration (‘brain drain’) often argue that its harmful effects can be justly mitigated by restricting emigration from sending countries or by limiting immigration opportunities to receiving countries. I raise moral and practical concerns against restricting the movement of skilled migrants and contend that conceptualizing the moral issue in these terms leads theorists to neglect the moral salience of institutions that determine the distributive effects of migration. Using an analogy to skilled migration in a domestic context, I argue for locating brain drain in a more holistic, institutional context that includes the reform of global institutions and of policies affecting migration.