General prevention of tax evasion: A factorial survey approach

A factorial survey design is used to examine the taxpaying decisions of a random sample of adults. Data collected by asking respondents to rate their chances of cheating on their taxes under varying experimental conditions show only a small proportion of the sample expects to evade taxes. The few likely offenders judge lower tax rates to reduce their incentive to cheat, while higher audit rates, heavier prison sentences, and fines act as key inhibitors to tax cheating. The implications of this methodology and these data for future studies of tax evasion and deviance are briefly discussed.An earlier draft of this paper was presented at the 1986 Annual Meeting of the American Society of Criminology in Atlanta, Georgia.     

Urban Drug Problems, Policymakers and the General Public

The main focus of this paper is: how strong are people's opinions and policy preferences on the issue of drugs and drug users influenced by their own exposure to drug problems? From a general population survey conducted in eleven European cities, it is concluded that opinions and policy preferences are influenced only to a limited degree by exposure. The people who are not exposed to drug problems in their neighbourhood are more strongly inclined towards a repressive approach than the people who are affected by drug nuisance. Personal experiences with illicit drugs play an important part in the viewpoints. People who have tried drugs themselves lean far more strongly towards a health approach. That tendency is even stronger among those who are exposed to drug-related nuisance.     

The belief in an unjust world: An egotistic delusion

The main hypothesis of Lerner's just world theory says that people are inclined to think that their physical and social environment is just and that individuals generally get what they deserve and deserve what they get. Contrary to Lerner's assumption, however, it is suggested in the article that in some situations, people may perceive the world as unjust because such a belief has a specific ego-defensive compoment for an individual. It is likely, for instance, that the belief in an unjust world, though in itself a legitimate block to success, may be aggrvated in conditions diagnostic for competence and hence can be used as a special form of self-handicapping strategy. This assumption has been tested in a 2 (low vs. high tendency to engate in self-handicapping behaviors) x by 2 (low vs. high opportunity to use the belief in an unjust world as a self-handicapping strategy) experiment. The results of the study fully supported the author's predictions.     

突发公共卫生事件防控期间警察调查访问策略研究

公安机关作为社会稳定的第一道防线,应当在突发公共卫生事件防控期间全力与犯罪分子作斗争。调查访问作为案件侦查的第一步,在这种环境下应该从准备、实施、方法、原则上进行一定改进,制定细致的出警计划表、基本信息统计表以及问题提问细则表,从安全防护和心理学方面改变传统调查访问思想。     

Leadership Styles as Perceived by Career Senior Service Executives

Abstract

This study identifies the prevailing leadership styles of career Senior Executive Service (SES) members of the Federal Government. This study also determines if an association exits between SES member's self‐perceived leadership style and personal characteristics, such as gender, years in the Federal Service, and highest academic degree earned. The study population consists of 6395 career SES members. A random sample of 364 career SES members was selected. The selected group was asked to respond to a demographic data questionnaire and the Styles of Leadership Survey (SLS). Over 34% of the sample completed the instrument and data questionnaire. This study reveals that Strategic Leadership Style (5/5) is the dominant self‐perceived leadership style of career SES members. The personal characteristics of gender, years employed in the Federal Government, and educational attainment were identified as being significant factors influencing leadership styles of Federal Government executives.     

单亲大学生网络认知和行为特征及其发展研究

网络空间生存已构成单亲大学生生活的重要组成部分。四年里，在对10余所大学4237名大学生（其中单亲家庭子女329名）进行问卷调查的基础上，就网络功能使用、网络应对行为、网络成瘾、网络交往、网络游戏、网恋、黑客行为特征和网络认知等，将单亲大学生与普通大学生进行了对比、分析和研究，探讨单亲大学生网络认知和行为特征及发展趋势，为大学生网络德育针对性和实效性政策制定提供实证依据。     

专利指标的经济学意义及其实践应用

目前我国已经形成了基于专利统计、专利文献、专利调查和政府行政管理的指标系统，但指标设计仍存在结构缺陷，突出表现为重创造、轻运用的情况，专利保护和服务指标亟待完善。社会公众不能准确把握指标内涵，对指标真实作用和决定要素缺乏准确认知。在专利指标使用方面，政府功能性评价能力强，学术运用能力弱，指标数据对专利经济学研究支持力度不足，反映市场竞争能力的企业专利指标失位。提倡从政府管理和学术研究两个层面加强基础指标的设计与利用，建立以指标分析为基础的专利经济学科全面提升专利对经济结构转型和创新驱动发展的激励作用。     

降低评价尺度偏差：一项政治效能感测量的实验

评价尺度偏差是政治学评价类题目中常见的测量误差，“虚拟情境锚定法”被认为是一种降低此类误差的方法。本文依托北京大学中国国情研究中心2009年全国公民意识调查，在其中加入了一组采用“虚拟情境锚定法”测量外部政治效能感的题目来跟传统的效能感测量方法进行比较，实验结果发现：（1）运用传统效能感测量方法时，高效能感的比例为30．64％，而使用“虚拟情境锚定法”后，高效能感的比例占到了46．91％，这就验证了评价尺度偏差的存在。（2）效度检验发现“虚拟情境锚定法”得到具有更好建构效度的测量结果，从而验证了评价尺度偏差对测量质量的影响。通过实验对题目设计提出建议：（1）控制评价尺度偏差的基本思路是遵循测量指标设计上的具体化、标准化和高可比性原则。（2）对于能采取具体方式提问的变量，就要避免抽象题目；对于能用事实性问题测量的变量，就要避免态度性测量。（3）在测量问题选项的尺度设计上，要避免评价方向不一致，应尽可能地理顺一致的量尺向度．规避尺度不等距的问题。     

Selection biases in Voting Advice Application research

This paper focuses on methodological aspects of Voting Advice Application (VAA) research. Self-selection into the treatment and self-selection into the sample need to be controlled for if the aim is to deduce causal effects from VAA use in observational data. This paper outlines omnipresent endogeneity issues, partly imposed through unobserved factors that affect both whether individuals use VAAs and their subsequent electoral behavior. Some research on VAAs has acknowledged the problems associated with selection biases, but practically none have taken steps towards improving these shortcomings. This paper introduces various approaches for handling selection biases and applies them to VAA data from Switzerland. These methodological considerations are of outmost importance for the relevance and validity of VAA research.     

Political support among winners and losers: Within- and between-country effects of structure,process and performance in Europe

Why is the winner-loser gap in political support wider in some countries and narrower in others? Previous studies have focused on how the input side of political systems (i.e., the institutional structure) affects the winner-loser gap. This study suggests that one should also consider the output side (i.e., the quality of political process and economic performance) and posits that two mechanisms – rational and psychological – can explain how output factors affect the gap. Going beyond previous research, this article also considers whether contextual characteristics explain the variation in the gap not only between countries, but also within them. Applying mixed models to survey data from 30 European countries between 2002 and 2015, the study finds that the differences in support between winners and losers across countries are smaller in consensual systems, as in these contexts the support among losers is higher. However, changes in the institutional structure do not explain the over-time variation in the winner-loser gap. Moreover, increasing quality of process and economic performance do not attenuate the gap across countries and over time, as they affect positively the political support of both winners and losers. The study shows which contextual factors explain the winner-loser gap and points to the conditions that increase losers’ consent, which is a crucial element of democratic legitimacy.