“无罪推定”原则与我国刑事诉讼法

我国无罪判决率明显较低,20世纪80年代至90年代初,全国无罪判决基本上维持在每年2000件左右,占全部刑事案件的千分之四左右,到90年代末无罪率有所提高,最近几年无罪判决数量增加明显,每年的无罪判决超过6000件,无罪判决率也只有百分之一左右。我国是否应当在法律上明确规定无罪推定原则？刑诉法第12条只是吸收了无罪推定的某些精神,但尚未确定无罪推定。无罪推定在我国的确定仍是刑诉法修改的一个未完成的课题。     

Differences in personality and mental state between suspects and witnesses immediately after being interviewed by the police

Abstract

There is increased recognition that people interviewed by the police are often psychologically vulnerable due to modest intelligence, mental health problems, disturbed mental state, and personality problems. The current study aimed to investigate differences in the mental state and personality between suspects and witnesses. The participants were 78 individuals (47 suspects and 31 witnesses) who had been interviewed by the Icelandic police. They were assessed psychologically immediately after the interview with the police was completed. Significant differences emerged between the two groups with the suspects being more depressed, hopeless, compliant and personality disordered than the witnesses. Four of the suspects claimed to have made a false confession to the police due to their immediate need or psychological problems.     

Deception among pairs: “Let's say we had lunch and hope they will swallow it!”

Deception research has neglected the fact that legal-workers often have to try to detect deceit on the basis of statements derived from pairs of suspects, each having been interrogated repeatedly. To remedy this shortcoming we conducted a study where each member of 10 truth-telling pairs and 10 lying pairs was interrogated twice about an alibi. One hundred and twenty undergraduate students were enrolled as lie-catchers. The main findings were that (a) overall deception detection accuracy was modest; (b) lie-catchers given access to a large number of statements did not outperform lie-catchers given access to a lesser number of statements; (c) when asked to justify their veracity assessments the most frequently reported cue was ‘consistency within pairs of suspects’; (d) all cues to deception were of low diagnostic value. Psycho-legal aspects of integrating sequential information in deception detection contexts are discussed.     

Developing a scale to measure the presence of possible prejudicial stereotyping in police interviews with suspects: The Minhas Investigative Interviewing Prejudicial Stereotyping Scale (MIIPSS)

If police interviewers’ hold negative feelings towards certain groups, this may affect how they interview them (either as victims, witnesses or suspects) in that they may not obtain reliable accounts, being the aim of such interviews. The Minhas Investigative Interviewing Prejudicial Stereotyping Scale (MIIPSS) has been developed to assess the level of any investigative interviewers’ prejudicial stereotyping towards suspects. The current exploratory study involved semi-structured interviews with twenty people, who had previously been interviewed as suspects in England and also eight very experienced lawyers. Both their views were measured using the MIIPSS before being subjected to a Guttman analysis. Statistical analyses showed that MIIPSS satisfies the criteria for classification as a valid unidimensional and cumulative scale. Therefore, researchers could use MIIPSS as a tool to measure prejudicial stereotyping in investigative interviews. Interviewers could also use MIIPSS to monitor their own attitudes towards certain groups or individuals suspected of different types of crimes.     

浅析街头诈骗犯罪问题

街头诈骗已成为当前扰乱社会治安的多发犯罪,其规律及特点是:作案地点有选择,作案手 段多样,作案团伙化、跨区域,侵害对象明确。打击街头诈骗犯罪要从防范工作入手,完善诸警联动、快 速反应机制,做到防得严密,打击及时。     

Accusatorial and information-gathering interview and interrogation methods: a multi-country comparison

Suspect interviewing and interrogation practices have been studied in many different countries, including those in North America, Europe, Asia, and Australia. These studies have produced useful and interesting findings, while also leaving an opening for future inquiry. Specifically, previous research has noted that we might expect interrogation and interviewing practices to vary among different countries or regions, due to distinct approaches to suspect questioning. However, to our knowledge, few previous studies have examined the comparative use of tactics, techniques, and procedures employed to elicit confessions and information from criminal suspects across multiple countries. In the present study, using a consistent survey, we contrasted the interviewing and interrogation practices of 185 practitioners from America, Canada, and Europe, Australia, and New Zealand. In large part, we found that American and Canadian interrogators were similar to one another, and conformed to an accusatorial approach (in both deception detection and questioning techniques). In contrast, interviewers from Europe, Australia, and New Zealand conformed more to an information-gathering approach.     

我国刑事强制到案制度的现状与改革

公安司法实践中,我国刑事强制到案措施包括拘传、拘留、逮捕和群众扭送四种。无论立法还是实践上这些措施都存在很多问题。改革后的强制到案措施应包括拘传、逮捕和群众扭送,其中逮捕应分为有证逮捕和无证逮捕,以适应我国实践需要并对人权加以保障。     

侦查催眠之于特定犯罪嫌疑人的适用初探

侦查催眠在大多数国家被禁止适用于犯罪嫌疑人,但笔者认为侦查催眠对特定犯罪嫌疑人有适用的可行性。对特定犯罪嫌疑人适用侦查催眠时,要遵循必要性原则、自愿性原则和目的性原则;要符合严格审批手续、聘请专职催眠师、全程录音录像等程序规范;要注意催眠前记录供述、避免有关案情的暗示性提问、辨识伪装被催眠的现象等。     

构建我国刑事非法证据排除规则——以《中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法修正案(草案)》为契机

我国2010年公布的《关于办理刑事案件排除非法证据的规定》和2011年8月公布的《中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法修正案(草案)》基本确定了我国非法证据排除规则.此规定与我国司法实践的要求还有一段距离,和西方法治国家的先进制度还有一定差距.如我国法律规定的非法获取言词证据的手段过于简单、缺乏对搜查扣押的司法监督措施、律师介入侦查阶段监督非法取证行为的障碍重重.为构建我国刑事非法证据排除规则,应将“不得强迫自证其罪”中的“强迫”列入非法获取言词证据的手段,由检察机关签发搜查令和扣押令,在易发生非法取证的侦查阶段引入律师介入程序