CHINA’S WATER PROBLEMS

This article looks at the problems facing China in regard of its water supply and usage. It considers China's available water resources and their uses, the growing water pollution, and the water management system adopted by China to secure the country's future. This includes small and large-scale projects, dams, the South-to-North Water Diversion Project/South-North Water Transfer Project (SNWDP/SNWTP) or <italic>Nanshuibeidiao</italic>, and the Sponge Cities Initiative. It also looks at some of the policy issues and relevant legislative frameworks developed to respond to the problem. This article argues that despite the measures taken by the Chinese government, water remains an area of concern for China.     

我国城市生活饮用水安全保障法律制度研究

饮用水卫生安全直接影响着人的健康。随着中国的发展,许多城市暴露出饮用水安全问题。造成饮用水安全问题频发的原因很多,迫切需要政府领导各相关行政部门加以解决。我国现存的涉及城市生活饮用水安全保障的立法不完善,上位法规定过于片面,没有生活饮用水的专门立法,地方性立法易产生冲突,监管主体之间权责不清,水源地监管、水质监管等制度均有待完善。通过研究国外相应的法律制度,美国、日本、英国等国家在饮用水安全方面相关立法较为完善,经验丰富。结合我国国情,在完善饮用水安全立法方面,应出台《饮用水安全法》,规范地方性立法,明确政府各部门权责划分,健全水质监测、水源地监测及安全预警应急管理制度。全面提高城市生活饮用水安全保障法律制度,城市人口的健康和城市的高速发展才能得以保障。     

“用科层反对科层”:河长制的运作逻辑、内在张力与制度韧性——基于上海市秦镇的实证分析

通过“用科层反对科层”的方式打破原科层制组织存在的平级协调困境,从而解决河道治理的低效甚至无效问题,是基层政府在治理水环境问题时所采用的主要措施。在此治理过程中,科层组织内的平级协调关系被层级压力关系所取代,从而形成了水环境治理体系的高效运转。但重构的科层治理体系也形成了新的内在张力,即“块”的协调手段缺失、“条”的工作积极性衰减和基层社区工作的碎片化等。重构之后的水环境治理体系在将平级协调矛盾转换为层级治理压力时,也将治理任务转移到了科层体制之外,从而维持了科层体系的运作,形成了一定的制度韧性。     

海岸带区域水资源可持续利用状况评价

海岸带区域具有独特的经济、社会和资源环境特点。水资源对该区域的生产生活具有重要意义。本文以可持续发展为原则,设计了针对海岸带区域的水资源可持续状况评价指标体系;将该指标体系运用到对我国海岸带11个省市的水资源评价上,为海岸带地区水资源实现可持续利用提供参考依据。     

美国密尔沃基市(milwaukee)供水直饮质量保障系统

美国密尔沃基市饮用水质量达到A级要求,文章介绍了该市供水质量保障系统的行政管理、技术措施、检查监测体系及供水质量保障系统的公众与部门参与.     

Regulatory mobilization and service delivery at the edge of the regulatory state

Where there is weak state capacity to carry out regulatory, redistributional, and developmental functions characterizing much of the developing world, the role of governance and service delivery is also performed by a myriad of private actors. Institutional reform in the utility sector in developing countries has often failed to distinguish between social and economic regulation. I show how private actors like NGOs and local community groups undertake what I term “regulatory mobilization” to influence the new rules of the service delivery game, as well as to deliver much‐needed basic services to urban poor communities. Based on extensive fieldwork carried out in the Philippines, this article reveals and explains the politics of the informal sector at the edge of the regulatory state. More than a decade since the privatization of the Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System in Metro Manila in 1997, water access for the urban poor remained limited as privatized water utilities faced difficulties in extending service provision. In the context of an unpredictable regulatory landscape and an oligarchic patrimonial state, unexpected collective action by organized urban poor communities and NGOs has taken place around water as a subsistence right. Combining hybrid mobilizations to obtain water as well as influencing the rules governing their provision, these forms of regulatory mobilization appear to be peripheral and episodic. However, depending on how local and sectoral politics are conflated, such regulatory mobilization may sometimes not only result in obtaining subsistence goods, but may also occasionally project countervailing power in the policy sector, and influence formal regulatory frameworks in surprising ways.     

论政府在水权交易中的角色定位

水资源和水权自身的特性以及水权交易所产生的外部性说明了水权交易中政府介入的必要性。政府所具有的经济管理和公共事务管理双重基本职能使得政府在水权交易中的介入具有现实的可行性。政府在水权交易中应扮演好以下角色:政府应成为初始水权的配置者;政府应成为水权交易制度的供给者;政府应成为良好水权交易环境的塑造者。     

水资源约束下民勤绿洲农业结构调整的困境与路径选择

水资源短缺和生态环境脆弱是制约民勤绿洲农业持续发展的瓶颈,节水和调整农业结构是解决绿洲内水资源短缺问题的关键。在分析民勤绿洲农业产业结构现状和产业结构调整中凸显的困境的基础上,指出优化农业结构、发展现代草地畜牧业、加强绿洲生态防护林建设、大力发展农村服务业是民勤绿洲农业结构调整的必然选择。     

构建我国水污染税制的设想

在市场经济条件下,必须更多地运用税收手段促进水资源保护和水污染治理,开征水污染税很有必要。我国制定水污染税应遵循:“污染者付费”、“专税专用”的原则。     

西部地区水土保持小流域治理的成效及发展思路

以支流为骨干 ,以县域为单位 ,以5-30平方公里的小流域为单元 ,山水田林路统一规划 ,依照水土流失规律 ,优化配置各种治理措施 ,形成综合的防御体系 ,这是良化生态环境的成功之举。文章针对水土流失规律和小流域综合治理的特点 ,分析了小流域治理的特殊作用 ,根据西部大开发和山川秀美工程之要求 ,提出了相应对策 :搞好植被建设 ;实施综合治理 ;大搞农田建设 ;推进水保产业化。以达到山青水秀、环境优美、经济繁荣、城乡富绕、安居乐业、现代文明、人与自然和谐相处