水权与水权的界定--水资源利用的产权经济学分析

在公有水权基础上实行可交易水权制度涉及到三个重要环节,即水权的界定、水价以及水权运作规则和水资源管理,其中水权的界定是水资源市场形成和运行的前提条件,没有排他性水权的确立,水权的让渡和交易是不可能的.本文从产权经济学的理论出发,分析水权的清晰界定与水资源市场的关系,并在此基础上分析水资源利用中的各种水权关系,指出进一步界定和明晰水资源的配水量权是实现水权制度创新的前提条件.     

Tokenistic water and neoliberal sanitation in post-apartheid Durban

ABSTRACT

Within the international water sector, Durban's municipal practitioners have been widely celebrated, for innovations in retail pricing, new product development, creative service delivery and community participation. However, in a society as divided as South Africa, with a high degree of neoliberal public policy influence from international sources, the myriad social, economic and environmental contradictions have reached deep into Durban's water and sanitation politics. Distant parts of the city were neglected when it came to ‘uneconomic' water and sewage pipe extension. Tokenistic supplies of water were given to poor people, but in a manner that left them with one-third lower consumption levels. In surveys, the no-flush toilets were overwhelmingly rejected by hundreds of thousands of recipients. It is in the destruction of older water and sanitation policies, and the creation of new ones for poor and working-class black Durban residents, that adds new meaning to critical analysis of ‘roll back' and ‘roll-in’ neoliberalisms.     

全面提升自来水水质势在必行——由“饮水热”论及城市供水行业的当前任务

"饮水热"的出现,提出一个十分现实的问题:究竟靠什么来满足人们的饮水需求.城市自来水的主导地位不能动摇,自来水必须达到打开龙头就能直接饮用.针对城市供水目前存在的薄弱环节,提出两个层次实施目标.全面提升自来水水质,是城市供水行业的当前任务.     

Conflict resolution: benchmarking water utility performance

The water sector has economic and symbolic importance for citizens in developing countries. Water utility benchmarking is no panacea for improving water sector performance. Nevertheless, it can contribute to addressing four sources of conflict in the design and implementation of policies: cognitive conflicts (based on technical disagreements regarding how data might be analysed and interpreted), interest conflicts (where suppliers and demanders obtain different benefits and costs under alternative policies), values conflicts (involving ideology or personal preferences regarding water sector outcomes) and authority conflicts (stemming from jurisdictional disagreements over who has the last word). These potential sources of conflict characterise most politically‐charged situations, including water supply management. This article examines the extent to which water utility benchmarking facilitates conflict resolution. Without information on historical trends, current baselines and realistic targets, conflicts over reforms to improve sector performance can weaken systems that are already fragile, particularly those in developing countries. This article attempts to improve our understanding of the links between sources of conflict, government approaches for dealing with conflict and the role of water utility benchmarking as a complementary strategy for addressing policy issues. Benchmarking is one way regulators and managers can promote conflict resolution that allows participants to focus on performance. The principles apply to all sectors with significant state oversight. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

傣族的水文化与可持续发展

傣族的水文化包括了傣族的水观念、社会生活习俗及有关水资源利用与保护的制度、规范等,这一文化在傣族的历史上发挥了保护水环境的重要功能。20世纪50年代以来,社会变迁导致了傣族很多水文化要素的丧失,对傣族的水环境保护产生了消极的影响。今天重新理解水文化的价值,对于傣族地区及其他少数民族地区的可持续发展具有深远的现实意义。     

Policy Punctuations in Colorado Water Law: The Breakdown of a Monopoly

The actors, influences, and processes that combine forces to change policy subsystems are modeled in punctuated equilibrium theory wherein monopolistic policy subsystems are broken down through changes in policy images and venue shopping spurred by a critical mobilization of actors. Studying a case of policy change in Colorado water rights, this research examines multiple levels of policy change—local, state, and cross‐case. This research finds that at the state level, punctuated equilibrium theory accurately explains the process by which policies changed to allow for recreational in‐channel uses of water. At the local level, however, these processes are not clearly evident. Using media coverage as a proxy measure for agenda status also shows that policy image change and high public agenda status did not lead to these policy changes within Colorado communities. This article discusses whether we should therefore discount punctuated equilibrium as a model of policy change in this case.     

Historical review of Taiwan＇s environmental legislative adjustment and its implications under international agreements

After 1960s, the economic developmental explosion in Taiwan had brought serious environmental degradations including the air and water pollution, waste disposal, as well as wildlife problems. Since then, Taiwanese has begun environmental protection movements striving for ＂environmental rights＂. In addition, international environmental agreements have grown with great speed in the past decades. Although Taiwan never signed or joined any international environmental agreements or organizations, the development of international environmental laws still deeply affect Taiwan environmental regulations. Under this global trend, Taiwan has to cooperate with international community and to obey international environmental agreements. Thus Taiwan had passed numerous environmental laws including ＂Air Pollution Control Act,＂ ＂Water Pollution Control Act,＂ ＂Noise Control Act,＂ ＂Waste Management Act,＂ ＂Toxic Chemicals Management Act,＂ ＂Wildlife Protection Act,＂ and ＂Nuisance Dispute Resolution Act.＂ Thus the article will examine Taiwan＇s environmental administration, regulations as well as the implication under international agreements.     

An overview of the content and historical context of the international freshwater agreements that South Africa has entered into with neighbouring countries

Southern Africa is at a pivotal point in time for transboundary water cooperation. The number and extent of coverage of existing international water agreements and joint management institutions merits cautious optimism about future water management in the region. Yet, taken alone, a numerical account of water treaties reveals little about the context in which the agreements were negotiated, the nature of the rules and regulations adopted, or the influence of the agreements in addressing problems or enhancing joint governance. Drawing on a database containing all the international freshwater agreements entered into between South Africa and its neighbours since 1910, this article examines trends in the articulation of these treaties and discusses the implications of the rules and regulations they embody. Specific consideration is given to issues of information sharing, water allocation and organizations. This analysis is a first step towards understanding the impact of existing agreements, identifying opportunities for the negotiation of new treaties and enhancing existing systems.

The potential to determine a postmortem submersion interval based on algal/diatom diversity on decomposing mammalian carcasses in brackish ponds in Delaware

Recently botanical evidence has been studied to determine if it is useful in forensic investigations. This study was performed to examine stillborn piglet decomposition in a brackish water environment and to semi-quantitatively document stages of decomposition, degree day accumulation per stage as well as the algal/diatom diversity useful in determining a postmortem submersion interval (PMSI). Piglets and ceramic tiles were submerged in brackish ponds and sampled on a regular basis to document algal diversity and succession between substrates and stages of decomposition. Significantly greater weight was lost from piglet carcasses during the early floating and advanced floating decay stages. Seasonal effects were observed in degree-day accumulations. Diatom diversity was significantly greater on piglet carcasses compared to tile substrates. Algal diversity decreased over time on the piglet carcasses as well as the stage of decomposition. A significant relationship and strong correlation between algal diversity found on the piglet substrate with time was observed. Our results indicate that more research is needed to examine the potential to use diatoms in not only determining manner of death but also the duration of time (PMSI) a victim may have been immersed in an aquatic environment.     

循环经济背景下水资源立法的健全与完善

我国水资源及其开发利用现状不容乐观。从循环经济的角度审视现行水资源法律制度,不难发现我国水资源立法存在的几个主要问题。我们应根据循环经济对水资源立法的基本要求建立和完善与循环经济相关的法律制度、加强水资源保护的内容、重视水资源市场机制的作用;还应改进现行水资源立法在立法思路、立法机制、管理体制和法律制度等方面存在的不适应发展循环经济之处;应当调整立法思路、改进立法机制、健全水资源法律体系、完善水资源法律制度设计、充分发挥市场机制的作用,使我国水资源立法更好地适应和推动循环经济的发展。