Local governance and water resource management: experiences from Northern Namibia

Like many semi‐arid countries in Africa, Namibia has been experiencing water shortage for a long period of time. Prior to its independence in 1990, most of Namibia's water points—namely, the boreholes—served white‐Namibians (about 7% of the national population of predominantly German descent) and their commercial farming areas. But their water needs have been satisfied at the expense of those indigenous Namibians and their communal areas (where some 80% of the national population originates). Independence, however, brought with it a new hope for the indigenous population: since 1990, the government has been working diligently to reform the country's local governance, and make local government agencies more effective, efficient and responsive to common people and their needs. This article sheds light on how, within the background of the government's decentralisation efforts, the management and distribution of water resources have changed in an independent Namibia, reporting findings from research conducted in a newly emerged village council in the north of the country. Drawing on historical and contemporary practices, we describe and analyse the role of decentralised local government in water resource management in northern Namibia, where today, more than 50% of the national population (i.e. the indigenous Oshiwambo‐speaking people) resides. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

变频调速技术在供热锅炉系统中的应用

介绍变频调速技术在锅炉房供热系统的鼓、引风机及水泵调速中的应用     

析东北老工业基地振兴中的政府危机管理——以“哈尔滨停水事件”为中心

在东北老工业基地的振兴中,政府危机管理意识、能力、水平问题直接关系到振兴事业的成败。2005年中国石油吉林石化公司双苯厂(101厂)新苯胺装置发生连续爆炸的事故,不仅使东北国有企业的危机管理能力、意识、责任问题成为关注的焦点,更引发了政府危机管理的论争。“哈尔滨停水事件”是集这次爆炸所引起的生态环境问题、政府危机管理问题、社会舆论问题于一身的典型事例,“哈尔滨停水事件”透视着东北老工业地区潜在的危机隐患,暴露出了政府危机管理机制中存在的一系列问题,因此对强化东北振兴中的政府危机管理意识、提高危机管理能力、完善危机管理体制的途径具有深刻的现实意义。     

水权与水权交易体制的理论分析

水权由水资源所有权派生而来。为解决用水冲突、节约用水和提高用水效率 ,进行水权分配和建立水市场是一种有效的经济手段。本文重点研究了水权的产权特性 ,水权的分类 ,水权的交易形式及原则等 ,为水权交易及水市场的建立提出了一些有益的建议。     

Regulatory enforcement and compliance: Examining Danish agro‐environmental policy

This study of municipal enforcement of agro‐environmental regulations in Denmark provides an empirical understanding of how enforcement affects compliance. A key contribution is sorting out the relative influence of inspectors' different styles of enforcement and choices made by enforcement agencies. The latter are shown to be more important in bringing about compliance than are inspectors' enforcement styles. Municipal agencies are shown to increase compliance through the use of third parties, more frequent inspection, and setting priorities for inspection of major items. The findings about enforcement styles of inspectors suggest it is necessary to get tough up to a point, but beyond that the threat of coercion can be counterproductive. These findings cast doubt on the effectiveness of overly legalistic enforcement styles, particularly for the Danish culture with its strong emphasis on cooperation and consultation in regulation. But the findings also advise us to be cautious about the use of cooperative styles of enforcement in that we find evidence for capture of the enforcement process by agricultural organizations. This leads to a more nuanced view of enforcement rather than the broad generalizations found in the literature concerning legalism and cooperation. © 1999 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management. <@:>     

Policy Entrepreneurs,Issue Experts,and Water Rights Policy Change in Colorado

Policy entrepreneurs can influence policy changes and decisions. These people invest their time, knowledge, and skills into promoting policies with which they agree. This paper investigates the influence that entrepreneurs had in the case of recreational water rights policy in Colorado to build a model of policy entrepreneurship. Almost 20 Colorado communities have constructed white‐water kayak courses to boost their local economies. In twelve of these communities, construction was followed by community pursuit of a new form of water right—the recreational in‐channel diversion. This case study is relevant to many areas of environmental policy and management where policies are transitioning from traditional consumptive uses of the resource to nonconsumptive uses. This policy change was not a given in Colorado communities, with recreational water rights requiring significant investments of community resources. These research findings conclude that policy entrepreneurs were influential to policy change, but the most important actors were expert entrepreneurs who hold expertise in water resource matters.     

Stakeholder involvement in collaborative regulatory processes: Using automated coding to track attendance and actions

Regulation increasingly mandates collaborative approaches to increase stakeholder input and streamline approval processes. However, understanding how to maintain stakeholder involvement over the course of a long collaborative process is vital to optimize effectiveness. This paper observes more than 700 stakeholders involved in developing and implementing a dam operating license over 16 years. We use text mining and Bayesian hierarchical modeling to observe meeting attendance and recorded actions in meeting minutes. We find that involvement decreased after the initial planning phase, but steadily increased through license development and implementation. After the regulatory mandate to consult with external stakeholders dissolved, overall attendance declined while attendance stability increased, meaning that the non‐mandatory stage involved a smaller cadre of dedicated actors. This indicates that high‐performing mandated stakeholder involvement processes rely on a constrained group of conveners to sustain interaction and have less turnover than what might be expected given existing evidence from grassroots involvement; assumptions about group dynamics based on involvement in grassroots processes may lead to improper predictions about who will participate, and how, in processes where stakeholder involvement is mandated.     

基于民法的水权问题思考

随着经济社会的不断进步和发展,对于人类赖以生存的水资源实施依法开发利用保护,在可持续发展战略中愈加体现出重要的意义和作用.特别是施行新的《水法》、《物权法》,使我国水权地位得以确立和发生变化,充分反映了现代水法的发展趋势.水权作为自然资源中的一项重要的法权,在其法理上与其他法律,特别是民法有着紧密的内在联系,在立法和实践中也亟待进一步调整和完善,以增强和提高水权的民法保护效力.     

城乡统筹、合理配置再生水资源用于农业的对策建议

该文通过分析中国农田污灌现状及其危害,揭示“城市再生水利用率”具体指标实现上仍存在的结构性矛盾,论述在没有充足常规水源的情况下,开发利用再生水农灌是农田生态修复的可行措施,提出把再生水回用农灌作为各级政府统筹城乡发展的重要内容及其可行性建议,以实现水资源的优化配置和循环利用,保证社会主义新农村又好又快地建设。     

农田水利建设是农业增产之本

该文阐明了农田水利设施的基础性地位和作用,以及加快灌区建设与改造的必要性,在对中国农田水利基础设施薄弱的原因进行深入分析的基础上,提出了加快农田水利工程建设与发展的意见和建议。