论财税立法民主化的特别条件与完善措施

财税立法民主化是时代所趋。但实现财税立法民主化受各种条件制约。本文从财税立法民主化的必要性入手,分析实现财税立法民主化的各项特别条件,进而针对我国目前财税立法的不足提出实现我国财税立法民主化需要完善的几点措施。     

税收优先权的顺位分析

税收优先权是优先权的一种形式,但税收又是一种公法上的债权债务关系。因此,当税收优先权与其他优先权竟合时,既可以适用私法债权优先权竞合时的原则,又要考虑国家的特殊政策需要。由于涉及的优先权类型很多,且税收优先权有与其竞合的可能,故有必要对优先权进行分析,并指出税收优先权的法律地位。     

日本提高消费税增加公共年金收入研究

日本人口出生率的不断下降和老年人口的不断增加，使公共年金制度的可持续发展遇到巨大挑战。为此，日本政府想通过提高消费税来增加公共年金收入，维持其收支平衡。本文从公共年金的需求弹性特点出发，研究了日本提高消费税的必要性和可行性等，并得出了启示。     

Serious tax fraud and noncompliance

Research Summary This article reviews what international evidence exists on the impact of civil and criminal sanctions upon serious tax noncompliance by individuals. This construct lacks sharp definitional boundaries but includes large tax fraud and large-scale evasion that are not dealt with as fraud. Although substantial research and theory have been developed on general tax evasion and compliance, their conclusions might not apply to large-scale intentional fraudsters. No scientifically defensible studies directly compared civil and criminal sanctions for tax fraud, although one U.S. study reported that significantly enhanced criminal sanctions have more effects than enhanced audit levels. Prosecution is public, whereas administrative penalties are confidential, and this fact encourages those caught to pay heavy penalties to avoid publicity, a criminal record, and imprisonment. Policy Implications Although it has yet to be proven that prosecution has a greater or lesser impact on these offenders, increased prosecution might be justified for purposes of moral retribution as well as perceived social fairness.     

税收公平原则视角下的个人所得税法

个人所得税具有增加国家财政和调节收入分配的作用。然而,由于在税制模式、税率结构、费用扣除等方面的缺陷,导致我国现行个人所得税制的公平缺失严重。因此,要适应新的社会经济发展的需要,就要以税收公平原则对个人所得税法进行完善。具体路径：进一步明确征税对象的范围;完善所得税费用扣除的标准;采用综合所得税制模式。     

以“三个代表”重要思想为指导切实抓好“三项教育”

目前 ,在全国公安机关开展的“三项教育”活动 ,是加强公安队伍建设的一项重要举措 ,是“三讲”教育在公安机关的延伸和具体化。“三项教育”必须以江泽民总书记“三个代表”的重要思想为指导 ,以讲政治为核心 ,教育和引导广大民警牢固树立马克思主义世界观、人生观和价值观 ,坚定共产主义理想信念 ,永葆人民警察全心全意为人民服务的政治本色。     

从赠与视角看构建部颁税法规则审议机制——以财税[2001]28号、财税[2011]82号等为例

实务中,税收构成要件的认定贯穿于税法评价始终。税法评价旨在税企争论双方论辩中达成共识,其争辩借助并基于部颁税法规则。部颁税法规则一事一议,针对复杂的交易形式,提供交易定性的判定规则,具有无可替代的独特作用。税法评价基于民法规则,与民商法具有内在协调性,而税法规则的缺陷在于罔顾民商法规则。于政策层面,国家财税主管机关应专设规范性文件审议机构,以提升部颁税法规则的法学素养,增进其法学品行,打通其与部门法特别是民商法规则的隔阂。随着时间推移,该类机构或可逐渐独立于国家财税主管机关,形成类似税务仲裁或税务法庭之类的机构。     

税负归宿与收入再分配:文献评述与研究展望

由于税负转嫁的存在,征税对税法意义上纳税人相对收入状况的影响往往是不确定的.因此,从税负归宿视角研究政府课税的经济影响,在财政学发展的各个阶段都是重要的研究课题.本文概要介绍了古典税负归宿的理论观点和研究特征,对新古典税负归宿的研究文献则进行了详细梳理,从其研究思路、研究方法、发展脉络等方面进行了评述.在此基础上,本文通过对近二十年来有关税负归宿研究现状的分析,论证了税负归宿当前的研究重点与突破方向.最后,结合国内近年来在这一领域的研究状况,对税负归宿未来的研究重点进行了展望.     

论减税措施在应对金融危机中的作用

为应对世界金融危机冲击,扩大内需,我国政府采取了一系列的减税措施.这些措施在稳定企业生产,促进产业结构调整,刺激消费,稳定外需,扶持中小企业和促进就业,推进政府自身改革等方面具有重要作用;同时,可能带来财政赤字扩大,贫富差距拉大,通货紧缩与通货膨胀交替出现的后果.本文从宏观调控角度、经济基础和上层建筑角度以及综合效用方面来认识和评价减税政策.     

Tax Innovation or Excise Duty in Disguise? Deviations and Distortions in Value-Added Tax in Bangladesh

The article examines and analyzes the nature of deviations and distortions in the VAT system in Bangladesh. The article argues that the Bangladesh VAT introduced in 1991—with a view to maximize tax revenue by broadening tax base and curbing tax evasion while simplifying the process—has deviated significantly from standard and international best practices. It further argues that most of the deviations have their roots in the excise system of taxation that VAT has replaced and, while some of them produce ad hoc benefits in terms of generating revenue and easing compliance, most of them, besides eroding the coherence of the tax system, defeat the core principle of VAT—self assessment. The article concludes that if the process of adulterating VAT with so many ingenious adaptations and deviations is allowed to continue, the objective of VAT to evolve as an efficient tool for maximizing revenue will remain elusive.