The Revised German Raw Materials Strategy in the Light of Global Political and Market Developments

Raw material markets have proven to be challenging in recent years. The so‐called critical raw materials (CRMs), which are required for green technology, have particularly high environmental and supply risks. The revised German raw materials strategy attempts to address challenges of production and supply of CRMs and other mineral‐based raw materials. This contribution analyzes the motivation, measures, goals, and challenges of the German raw materials strategy in the light of global economic and political developments, applying the qualitative method GABEK®. Results show that the revised strategy is more ambitious and reaches farther than the initial strategy of 2010. Challenges that remain include the lack of willingness of the German industry to engage in mine production and the more pro‐active political approaches demonstrated elsewhere. As all major economic powerhouses outside of Europe pursue a hands‐on approach, it remains questionable if the revised German raw materials strategy will fundamentally be able to sustainably secure raw material supply for the German industry.     

浅析我国国际反避税存在的问题及对策

中国入世后 ,国际反避税问题更为突出 ,文章分析了我国当前在国际反避税工作中存在的问题 ,提出了加强反避税工作的相应对策 ,以更好地维护我国经济利益     

企业财务决策中的税收筹划

税收筹划的本质是节税,合法性与筹划性是其主要特征.本文提出了税收筹划所应遵循的基本原则,并从筹资、投资、经营、分配四个方面探讨了税收筹划的途径.     

宋代商税法律制度探微

由于宋代商业经济的发展,宋政府从财政利益出发,对税务机构的设置、应税的商品品种、税率以及税官的法律责任都作了严格的规定。这些规定对于我们今天的经济、法治建设仍有一定的借鉴意义。     

浅论国际避税地法律制度的新模式

长期以来 ,市场经济发达国家为维护本国的税收权益 ,通过国际经济组织的联合行动 ,采取种种法律手段 ,推行避税地对策税制 ,以图抵制传统避税地以低税或免税为主要形式的“有害税收竞争”。但在经济全球化条件下 ,一些欧美市场经济发达国家在坚持推行避税地对策税制的同时 ,先后通过修改税法 ,在本国境内实行税收优惠 ,大力吸引外资 ,发展本国经济。这些欧美市场经济发达国家的所作所为 ,实际上已经使它们逐渐堕变为新型的“避税地”。这种避税地法律制度新型模式的产生和发展 ,不仅更加加剧了发达国家与发展中国家之间和税收权益的竞争 ,而且给构建一个公平、有序的国际税收秩序带来了重重的障碍。     

On the Limitation of Penalties and the Non-Equivalence of Penalties and Taxes

This paper compares the impacts of a penalty on accident and a per-unit tax on output, when social damages depend on the output of firms. The choice of the optimal regulation, aiming at internalizing a damage, is influenced both by the market power of firms and by their potential (in)solvency in case of accident. Output strategies influence the solvency situation of firms for paying a penalty, which may lead to multiple equilibria (all firms are either solvent or insolvent in case of accident). When social damages are large, the optimal penalty is capped for avoiding a situation with insolvent firms. In this case, a regulator implements a per-unit tax.JEL Classification: K13, L13     

关于一个财政模型的错误的商榷

相继由中国经济出版社和中国人民大学出版社从1996年至2003年多次再版和印刷的<西方经济学>(下册宏观部分)教科书,关于财政模型证明和结论的若干次不同修改,关于推导出的含税率的税收乘数及其等于1的平衡预算乘数、含税率的转移支付乘数有明显的缺陷.     

我国水污染税构想

在市场经济条件下,必须更多地运用税收手段促进水资源保护和水污染治理,开征水污染税很有必要。我国制定水污染税应遵循“污染者付费”、“专税专用”的原则。     

Tax Amnesties and the Self-Selection of Risk-Averse Taxpayers

In this paper we model taxpayers participation in an unexpected tax amnesty, which can be entered by paying a fixed amount. Taxpayers are characterized by a Constant Relative Risk Aversion (CRRA) utility function and differ in relative risk aversion coefficient and in income. We show that amnesties may fail as a self-selective device to fully separate big from small evaders and to extract resources from the former. Only taxpayers whose relative risk aversion falls within a given interval participate, while those whose evasion is too small or too large do not enter. The model is used to estimate relative risk aversion and tax evasion of participants in 1991 and 1994 Italian income tax amnesties.JEL Classification: H260, D890, K420