劳动合同适用违约金责任问题的思考

谭氏官府菜餐饮发展有限责任公司诉吴某违约承担250万元违约金案,引发了人们对劳动合同中适用违约金责任问题的关注。我国的《劳动法》修订和《劳动合同法》立法应正视违约金条款被大量使用的现实,允许劳动合同中对违约金条款应加以限制的适用,并应从法律上加以规制。     

劳权本位:劳动法律体系构建的基点和核心--兼论劳动法律体系的几个基本理论问题

劳动法律体系的建构,应以劳权本位作为理论出发点,应以劳权的实现和保障为其基点和核心.本文所提出的劳权概念,是指法律所规定或认可的劳动者在履行劳动义务的同时所应享有的与劳动有关的权益.劳权即劳工权益应是劳动法律的基本范畴和劳动立法起始概念.本文提出和论证了劳动者的概念和法律特征,认为市场经济下的劳动关系中的劳动者应为受雇于他人的以工资收入为基本生活来源的直接生产者.本文还提出了劳权关系的概念,认为劳权关系是劳动法律关系的本质体现,这一关系是相对于产权关系和经营权关系而言的,现代企业制度的经济权利结构是由产权、经营权和劳权的三权关系所构成的.     

Law Enforcement Lessons Learned from Hurricane Katrina

Major disasters represent infrequent events that often require response organizations to vicariously learn from the experiences of others in order to improve their operations. A primary mechanism for such knowledge diffusion is the different practitioner and empirical journals for the organizational fields that comprise disaster response. A review of the literature for the law enforcement field, however, reveals that little attention is given to how these organizations manage actual disasters. In particular, the presentation of organizational experiences, whether through case studies or other methodologies, is very limited in the practitioner and empirical literature of this field. This represents a considerable problem for improvements of disaster response operations given that law enforcement agencies represent a key component in such efforts. The research presented in this article is an effort to fill this knowledge gap and thereby facilitate organizational learning to improve future law enforcement disaster response activities. The authors traveled to Mississippi and Louisiana after Hurricane Katrina to examine the response efforts of state and local law enforcement agencies to the storm. The findings from this research are reported here in a lessons‐learned format to inform law enforcement disaster response policy.     

书法文化的人生密码

书法通常被当作艺术。然而,如果将中国书法仅仅理解为一种艺术,那就曲解和委屈了书法,误读了它对于中国民族的深刻意义。在其他文明中,书法也许只是艺术,但在中国,它却是文化本身。书法、书法史,是中国人的文化基因图表,演绎着中国人的精神世界和性格构造。书之＂法＂与人之＂法＂统一,赋予其＂方不中矩,圆不副规＂的＂从心所欲不逾矩＂的中国式自由意境;刚柔性格,进退智慧,演绎着＂志在飞移＂、＂将奔未驰＂的＂无为而无不为＂的人生大智慧,＂书写＂着儒道佛三位一体的极富弹性的安身立命的基地;真善美贯通,表达了＂风骚之意＂与＂天地之心＂的天作之合,沉默庄严地演奏着中国人高明悠远的灵魂协奏曲。     

我国程序性辩护的现状和完善

在对抗式司法理念的指导下,加强犯罪嫌疑人、被告人的诉讼权利,强化其辩护权以及实现控辩双方平等武装成为刑事诉讼立法的焦点。伴随我国刑事诉讼理论研究的不断深入,程序公正在刑事诉讼法中地位的提高．程序性辩护逐渐进入立法者的视野。《刑事诉讼法修正草案》确认了程序性辩护制度,并构建了相应的配套机制．但是依然存在一定的缺陷,应当从构建司法审查制度和优化程序性制裁机制两个方面进一步予以完善。     

维护农村妇女土地权益的法律思考

维护农村妇女土地权益问题是影响农村社会稳定与发展的重要问题,引起了党和政府及社会各界的高度关注,国家相继出台了一系列的法律和政策为农村妇女土地权益提供法律保障。然而,这些维护妇女土地权益的法律和政策在实践中很难落实,致使农村妇女土地权益严重受损。本文通过对法律文本和农村风俗习惯的分析,认为妇女土地权利遭受损害的原因主要在于国家立法上的缺陷、民间规约与国家法律的矛盾和冲突、缺乏有力的行政和司法救济手段三个方面。     

藏族习惯法中的赔命价刍议

藏族是一个有着悠久历史和灿烂文化的民族,在长期的历史发展中,形成了独有的民族心理素质、民族情感、风俗习惯、政教合一的政治制度和自成体系的习惯法规。这些政治、经济和文化等方面的特征,随着民主改革和社会的进步而逐渐被削弱。但旧习惯法中的赔命价仍直接或间接地影响着国家法律的贯彻执行,产生了一系列执法活动中的矛盾和冲突。这就要求司法人员在执法过程中,采取一些特殊的政策和规定,以便妥善解决与藏族习惯法中的赔命价现象有关的特殊问题。     

论监狱人民警察执法的语言艺术

文章在分析了提高监狱人民警察执法语言文明的重要性和必要性、指出了当前我国监狱人民警察执法语言中存在的问题、阐述了提高监狱人民警察执法语言艺术的途径、强调了在提高监狱人民警察≮方面素质的同时，重点阐释了在监管改造服刑人员实际工作中，监狱人民警察应根据不同的执法对象、灵活地运用语言艺术、采用规范文明的执法语言。     

Making sense of the legal and judicial architectures of regional trade agreements worldwide

Regional trade agreements (RTAs) constitute one of the most important elements of the international economic order. Researchers have accordingly embarked on comparative analyses of their design. Yet one fundamental question remains unanswered: how have officials in different RTAs responded to the challenge of regulatory misalignments among the member states? In this article, I turn to 10 of the most established RTAs in the world and document three types of responses. Some RTAs rely on the principle of mutual recognition or references to existing international standards; the same agreements also rely on technical dispute resolution mechanisms. Other RTAs, by contrast, make use of extensive harmonization and permanent courts charged with interpreting law. Yet a third group exhibits a hybrid design. This heterogeneity in legislative and judicial design invites explanation. I show that there is a remarkable correspondence between the legal traditions of the member states (common vs. civil law) and the design of RTAs. This correspondence undermines the claims of world polity theorists about the nature of the international order, but is consistent with other strands of sociological institutionalism and certain elements of rationalist and neoliberal institutionalism. I conclude by reflecting on the implications of different RTA designs for the regulation of everyday life in the member states, the World Trade Organization as an international regulatory body, and national sovereignty and democracy.     

Prosecutorial regulation in the Global South: Environmental civil litigation by prosecutors in China compared to Brazil

Brazil's successful prosecutorial civil action against polluters could be a regulatory example for the Global South. This paper analyses whether such regulation could also develop without the major political, institutional, and legal reforms that spurred it in Brazil. To do so, it analyzes China, where similar reforms have so far not occurred, but where prosecutors have recently started to initiate civil litigation against polluters. It finds that prosecutorial civil litigation in China has only a limited regulatory effect or potential. Prosecutors in China are influenced by conflicting incentive structures that reward one‐off lower level test cases with an innovation bonus, while structurally stimulating a focus on general crime fighting. Ironically, as a result of such incentives, the recent legal reform, toward providing standing for prosecutors in public interest litigation, will, in contrast to Brazil, decrease rather than increase the regulatory effect of these cases. These findings have implications for understanding how the interaction between regulatory independence, legal reform, and regime type shapes possibilities for regulatory innovation in the Global South.