Bad cops

Research Summary Police scholars and public policymakers throughout generations have sought to identify reliable correlates of police misconduct. Despite these efforts, general statements as to the etiology and epidemiology of police misconduct remain inconclusive, in part because of the inconsistent definitions of misconduct and the difficulty of obtaining the data required to make such statements. This research attempts to fill these gaps through a comparison of the personal and career histories of all 1,543 officers who were involuntarily separated from the New York City Police Department (NYPD) for cause during 1975–1996 with a randomly selected sample of their police academy classmates who served honorably. The study uses confidential NYPD files as its major data sources, which include extensive biographical and career information. The study finds that career‐ending misconduct rarely occurs in the NYPD and that the types of misconduct do not match well with existing definitions. Several factors emerge as significant predictors of misconduct, including officer race, minimal education, records of prior criminality and prior poor employment, failure to advance in the NYPD, and histories of citizen complaints. Policy Implications This study shows that existing definitions of police misconduct are difficult to apply to actual cases of police malpractice, which leads the authors to create a new eight‐category classification scheme. The rarity of misconduct, especially on‐duty abuse, confirms prior research indicating that most police officers do their jobs without engaging in serious malpractice. These findings suggest that the NYPD has become better behaved as it has become more diverse along race and gender dimensions and that the link between black officers and misconduct might be explained by persistent “tokenism.” The findings related to race have important implications for continued efforts to build racially representative police departments. Personal history findings highlight the importance of conducting background investigations that disqualify candidates with arrest records and employment disciplinary histories, whereas the inverse relationship between college education and misconduct provides strong support for continued emphasis on pre‐ and post‐employment educational requirements.     

关于婚约问题的法律思考

我国现行婚姻法对婚约采取的"既不提倡,也不禁止"的态度造成了司法实践过程中大量民事纠纷的产生.立法机关应当正视这一社会现实,对婚约的法律性质、法律适用、法律效力及婚约的解除等给以明确界定,以利于我国婚约制度的建立与完善.     

《民法典》法定解除权的配置机理与统一基础

《民法典》中的法定解除权基于不同法定事由产生，但在法教义学上有统一的基础。一是它们均导致基于不同角度判断的“合同目的不能实现”；二是法定解除权使当事人摆脱合同义务，重获行动自由，且通常产生新的债权债务关系。《民法典》合同编通则中的法定解除权规范蕴含了效率、公平、诚实信用等不同理念，分则中的解除权规范多为通则规范的具体化，但也包含对当事人之间的人合性、法益权衡等的考量。法定解除权的终极正当性依据需要从当事人的合意中寻求，法定解除权与契约自由并非扞格不入，但前提是立法者对当事人美德的想象。与《合同法》相比，《民法典》强化了合同解除在终结合同僵局、建构当事人新法律关系方面的功能。但解释论还需澄清法定解除权的一般要件、不安抗辩权与预期违约中解除权的衔接、固定期限继续性合同履行中的僵局等问题。     

Termination Theory and National Climate Change Mitigation Programs: The Case of New Zealand

In 2008 New Zealand (NZ) changed from a Labour‐led to a National‐led government, and this resulted in a shift to government's carbon emission mitigation strategy, including the abandonment of the Communities for Climate Protection (CCP) and the Carbon Neutral Public Service (CNPS) programs. Using deLeon's seminal model for program termination, the objective of this research is to determine why NZ's newly elected government discontinued these initiatives. This empirical research is investigative and probing, and comprises a series of semi‐structured interviews with senior managers responsible for the delivery of the respective program within their organization. The architects of each program are also investigated. In the end, this study finds that while economic constraints and programmatic inefficiencies may have played a contributing role, political ideology is the primary rationale for the termination of the CNPS and the CCP‐NZ programs.     

高等教育合同基本构架的民法考察

从民法视角分析高等学校与大学生之间的法律关系,必须静态考察该高等教育合同关系的主体、客体和内容三个构成要素,动态考察高等教育合同的订立、履行和终止三个环节。这种考察分析不仅对于高等教育合同的本质属性、基本构架及其运行过程具有理论意义,对于明晰学校与学生双方当事人权利义务关系、保护双方当事人权益、正确处理矛盾与争议也具有实践价值。     

论不安抗辩权

不安抗辩权是双务有偿合同中先履行义务一方当事人所享有的一项自我补救权利，它在许多大陆法国家的民法或债务法中均有体现。我国新《合同法》首次以法律的形式确定了不安抗辩权制度及其适用条件，使它与同时履行抗辩权和先履行抗辩权一同构成合同履行抗辨权，完善了我国的合同履行制度。本文针对我国《合同法》中不安抗辩权的规定，对不安抗辩权的特征、适用条件和行使效果问题进行了一些初步的研讨。     

检察机关终止刑事诉讼及其制约的比较

检察机关终止刑事诉讼,作为各国检察机关共有职能之一,无论英美法系国家,还是大陆法系国家,都很重视检察机关终止刑事诉讼的名称、方式、范围和程序,并从法律上作出了具体规定.同时,为保证检察机关正确行使国家追诉权,各国也极其关注对检察机关行使公诉权的监督和制约.从比较可以看出,我国检察机关终止刑事诉讼程序有进一步完善的必要,但从法律制约检察机关行使公诉权的规定看,我国比其他国家更为广泛、明确、有力.     

社会组织退出机制研究

中国社会组织的法定类型包括社会团体、民办非企业单位和基金会,注销、撤销和取缔是社会组织退出的三种方式。社会组织管理机关通过不定期的大规模的清理整顿,将不符合政策的社会组织淘汰出局,有违社会治理常态。美国、英国、德国和日本社会组织退出制度各有特色,对中国具有借鉴意义。同时,《公司法》和《企业破产法》关于公司解散和清算的制度经验,也为社会组织的退出机制提供了参考。健全社会组织退出机制需要:(一)贯彻自愿性公益的理念,形成以自愿为主、强制为辅的社会组织退出机制;(二)降低社会组织准入门槛,营造宽进宽出的法律环境;(三)建立社会组织评估与预警机制;(四)明确规定社会组织退出时的相关法律责任及剩余财产的处置办法。     

一起非医学需要鉴定胎儿性别及终止妊娠手术案引发的思考

笔者通过对一起非医学需要鉴定胎儿性别及终止妊娠手术案件的评析,提出在卫生行政处罚案件的处理过程中涉及到多个行政执法部门、多部法律竞合的问题并阐述了自己的看法,旨在探讨通过部门联动、无缝隙的行刑对接,对各种形式的非法行医行为进行严厉的打击,维护法律的尊严。     

论共犯关系的脱离——与共犯中止区分为视角

共犯关系脱离理论是源于域外的一项重要制度,无论是在大陆法系的德国日本,还是在英美法系的美国英国,在其刑法理论中均积极的研究这一制度,并将其作为共犯理论的重要问题。共犯脱离理论与刑法中的共犯中止理论虽有某些相似之处,但是这一全新的制度毕竟不同于共犯中止理论。如果能在我国确立这一制度,有利于实现处罚的均衡、发挥刑罚个别化机能、实现刑罚的目的等诸多机能。